Nutrition Behaviour in Attraction to Wellness Programme

Nutrition Behaviour in tie to Wellness ProgrammeThe Role of Nutrition Behaviours in Employee Attraction to a springplace Wellness ProgramNutrition, Over pitch ObesityBetween 1980 and 2014, fleshiness has more than doubled, on a global scale. In 2014 al angiotensin converting enzyme, everywhere 1.9 cardinal adults were expectant, and of those, an alarming 600 million were obese (39% heavy(p), of those, 13% obese WHO, 2015).Using weighed down and obesity incidence from a Australian longitudinal psychoanalyze from 2000 to 2005, Walls and colleagues (2011) estimated future(a) preponderance of weight gain to result in less than a third of the Australian adult universe of discourse categorised as bouncing weight, with a 65 part sum up in obesity prevalence by the class 2025. Similarly, an American test predicted obesity prevalence and associated appeals, found on national survey data (collected from 1970s to 2004). It was estimated that by the year 2030, 86.3 percent of American adults would be classified as overweight or obese, and 51.1 percent would be obese (Wang et al, 2008). wellness c be be associated with overweight and obesity were predicted to double every decade by the year 2030, and card for 16 to 18 percent of check wellness care relate cost in the U.S (Wang et al, 2008).Poor commissariat and un wellnessy eating demeanors are key contributors to overweight and obesity, with the increase in consumption of energy-dense, high plummet content nutriments observed worldwide. Unwellnessy forage coupled with sedentary life style, and the resulting asymmetry of calories consumed versus calories expended, have been considered the primary driving force behind the ever change magnitude prevalence of overweight and obesity (WHO, 2015).Serious wellness implications are associated with overweight and obesity. Elevations in Body Mass Index (BMI) equal to or supra 25 is considered a major danger factor for non-communicable (chronic) indisp ositions including cardiovascular disease (mostly heart disease and stroke), diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders (particularly osteoarthritis), and some cancers (including endometrial, breast and colon cancer) (WHO, 2015). Furthermore, increases in BMI have been found to be proportionally related to increases in the endangerment of non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2015). Various wellness and wellness initiatives have been developed and administered, in reception to the obesity epidemic.Workplaces, easy accessible environment for WHPPThe piece of work presents a overweight-nosed setting for the delivery of health onward motion strategies, by providing pre-existing structure, resources, capableness social and organisational support, and access to a salient percentage of the adult population (Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008).Workplace based health packaging programs (WHPPs) have been associated with two health and cost related realises, including the health and wellbeing of emplo yees, wince medical be, reduced absenteeism related costs, and change magnitude productivity, mutually benefiting both the individual employee/s and big organisation (Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008). Not surprisingly, the oeuvre is considered by the World Health makeup as a priority setting for public health promotion (WHO, 2009).Effectiveness of WHPP in improving food, eating behaviours and cost benefits to organisationsImproving provisions query has demo the effectiveness of WHPPs in producing positive health behaviour changes in employees, particularly those targeting alimentation and tangible activity, across a divers(prenominal) range of workplaces, and internationally (e.g., Anderson et al, 2009 Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008 Mhurchu, Aston Jebb, 2010).A surveil by Mhurchu, Aston Jebb (2010) assessing 16 studies published between 1995 and 2009, demo the short term benefits of WHPPs targeting employee diets. Findings indicated workplace based health promotion programs were associated with curtail improvements in employee victual / dietary intake including fruit, vegetable, and enumerate fat consumption. Of the studies include in the survey, eight include employee education, and the remaining targeted changes in the workplace al one or in conjunction with an education component.Reviews by Anderson and colleagues (2009), and Maes and colleagues (2011) demonstrated longer term benefits of WHPP, targeting employee weight related outcomes including dead body mass, BMI and body fat percentage. Both reviews demonstrated limited to moderate positive effect in employee weight, BMI and body fat percentage.Anderson and colleagues (2009) assessed studies published between 1966 and 2005, with 50 percent of include studies conducted in the U.S, the remaining were conducted in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, India, and Iceland. Only one randomised control trial (RCT) focused on nutrition, describe weight loss of -1.17 pounds (0.53 kgs 95% CI= -8.38 3.80kg, +4.95 2.25kg), and phoebe bird multi-component RCTs targeting both nutrition and physical activity indicated a pooled effect of -3.18 pounds (1.44 kgs 95% CI= -5.88 2.67kg, -0.50 0.23kg). Overall, the findings indicated moderate improvements in employee body mass between 6 and 12 months post disturbance, with the authors final that WHPPs targeting nutrition, physical activity, or both, produce modest reducings in weight.The review by Maes and colleagues (2011) assessed the effectiveness of 13 European based studies published between 1990 and 2010, targeting nutrition / health eating, alone, or in combination with physical activity. Effectiveness of WHPPs was assessed by nutrition, physical activity, body composition and behavioural determinants.. Findings indicated a limited to moderate positive effect of WHPPs on employee nutrition and physical activity.Of all the studies reviewed, some looked at the effectiveness of modifying the workplace environment (Anders on et al, 2009 Mhurchu et al, 2010). However, recent look has demonstrated the benefits of an environment modification hindrance, finding increases in access and exposure to nutrition information resulted in increased employee consumption of fruits and vegetables (Kushida Murayama, 2014).Improving cost benefitIn addition to improved health outcomes, WHPPs have also been associated with stintingal benefits including increased productivity, reduced absenteeism, and reduced health care costs for both the organisation and individual employee (Anderson et al, 2009 Goetzel Ozminkowski, 2008).Baiker, Cutler and Song (2010) conducted a meta-analysis, demonstrating the capacity of WHPPs to reduce absenteeism and health care related costs, with the majority of interventions targeting smoking, obesity, and multiple risk factors such as nutrition, alcohol consumption, blood pressure. Studies were assessed based on positive return on employer investment in WHPPs, with 36 studies assessing o utcomes of absenteeism, health care costs, or both. Overall, findings indicated absenteeism and health care costs were reduced by $2.73 and $3.27 respectively, for every dollar invested in a WHPP. Studies were grouped based on design, and include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), matched comparisons, non-randomised trials (NRTs), non-matched designs and studies reporting besides post intervention results. Costs were timewornised to the 2009 dollar value. In terms of absenteeism, all studies save one, reduced the number of absentee days and only two studies demonstrated no associated cost benefit. Cost benefits were higher when absenteeism and health care outcomes were combined.The authors noted that fight was primarily voluntary, thus selection prejudice may be a confuse factor and should be considered when interlingual rendition results. Potential for publication bias was also acknowledged, collectible to the higher likelihood of publishing significant findings regarding positive return on employer investment, which may reduce generalisability of results. Generalisability may also be limited to larger organisations, as of the studies include, over 90 percent had a sample size of more than cat valium employees, and 25 percent included samples of over 10,000. Furthermore, conclusions are limited due to the relatively short evaluation periods (studies averaged three year follow up), when considering the cost of implementing WHPPs are higher initially, with cost benefits accruing over time, indicating the wish for come along investigation into the long term economic nest egg of WHPPs.A systematic review by van Dongen and colleagues (2011) examined the cost benefits of WHPPs targeting employee nutrition, and or physical activity. A total of 18 studies comprising four randomised, controlled trials, 13 non-randomised studies, and one modelling study were included. cardinal studies assessed ROI of WHPP targeting physical activity, and 16 multi componen t WHPP targeting nutrition, physical activity, and other unhealthy lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, and alcohol consumption. Intervention duration ranged from six months to five years (Median 23.7 months Mean 21.1 months). WHPPs were assessed using return on investment analyses, examine program costs after initial implementation to economic savings over time. Outcome prizes of benefits associated with WHPP were defined as medical and productivity costs.The findings produced meld results, with non-randomised studies demonstrating WHPPs linked to reduced absenteeism and medical costs, and RCTs failing to produce any manifest of financial return. Results from the NRTs must be interpreted with caution, due to possible confounding factors previously identified, such as selection bias. Although RCTs are considered gold standard, interpretation of comparisons between NRTs and RCTs are limited by the fact that NRTs were broadly speaking assessed over a longer time period than RCTs , and the higher costs associated at the initial stages of program implementation compared to higher benefits, lower costs over time may confound results. Furthermore, all NRTs except one were conducted in U.S, whereas all RCTs except one were conducted in Europe, and it was noted by authors that in the U.S health care costs per capita are double the costs of health care in Europe.Jensen (2011) conducted a systematic review, analysing the effects of workplace nutrition programs on productivity and absenteeism and presenteeism, 30 studies were included, with 13 assessing productivity and economic outcomes, and the remaining studies assessing health related outcomes as a secondary measure of expected financial savings. The studies addressing economic effects were categorised via study design, and included RCTs, quasi-experimental, and observational cross-sectional studies. All intervention demonstrated reductions in employee absenteeism, and increased productivity.Costs effectiveness of WHPP have also been investigated in smaller businesses and organisations, for example, Allen and colleagues (2012) demonstrated the cost effectiveness of a WHPP within an organisation of 172 employees. Findings demonstrated a $10.17 per percentage point reduction in LDL cholesterol, $454.23 per point reduction in risk of coronary heart disease.Although WHPP have been demonstrated to ply benefits, both health and cost related, they are not without barriers and challenges, and face a number of limitations reducing program effectiveness.Low booking levelsThe most leading light of limitations reducing effectiveness of health promotion programs delivered within a workplace based setting, is low level employee participation (Robroek et al, 2009). Roebroek and colleagues (2009) conducted a review of 23 studies, published between 1988 and 2007, to determine levels of employee participation in WHPP. Participation levels ranged from 10 to 64 percent, with a median of 33 percent (95% CI 2 5-42%), emphasising the need for further look for investigating determinants of employee participation.The predictive capacity of intent to infix, as a determinant of actual participation has been demonstrated. A meta-analysis by Webb and Sheeran (2006) included 47 studies, experimental in design, testing objective-behaviour phenomenon, found medium to large changes in intention resulted in small to medium changes in behaviour. Similarly, a study by Rongen and colleagues (2014) demonstrated the predictive capacity of intention to insert to actual participation at the 6 month follow up, with 21 percent of participants reporting positive intention to act were found to be more likely to partake in WHPP when offered.The presented evidence supports intention to participate as a predictive, albeit weak determinant of actual participation, and the need for further research into other determinant factors contributing to higher participation intention is evident.Characteristics / deter minants of participation / intention to participate in WHPP (GAP IN LITERATURE health determinants not thoroughly examined)A study by Middlestadt and colleagues (2011) identified factors associated with intention to participate, in 279 rural service and blue collar employees. Findings from multivariate analyses of variables including demographic, health and occupation, indicated higher intention among younger individuals, employees who had been physically active in the early(prenominal) 30 days, and those who reported higher consumption of fruit and vegetables.Toker, Heaney Ein-Gar (2014) highlighted the need for research into barriers to participation, and characteristics of both participants and particularly non participants. Roebroek, et al (2009) identified a lack of research into determinants of participation, in addition to program user and non-user characteristics, with more than 80% of included studies failing to provide data on determinants of individuals opting not to p articipate.Systematic review by Robroek and colleagues (2009) evaluated underlying individual, health- and work-related determinants of participation in WHPPS, analysing program characteristics that influence participation levels.Of the studies included in the review by Robroek and colleagues (2009), a number of health-related determinants were intercommunicate however only one study looked at rate of flow nutrition behaviours as a determinant of participation in a WHPP.From the current evidence, research into the capacity of health-related factors to influence employee intention to participate, is clearly lacking. The current study aims to fill this gap, by providing insight into the role of nutrition behaviours in in employee attraction to, affaire in, and intention to participate in a nutrition workplace health promotion program.Hypotheses. Employees with healthier nutrition behaviours indicated more interest in improvement, assistance and intention to participate in workplace nutrition program than those employees with less healthy / unhealthy nutrition behavioursMethodThis study was conducted as part of a larger study by The Wesley seek Institute and received ethical clearance from the UnitingCare Health Human Research Ethics Committee (2013.03.74).Study Design. The study employed a cross-sectional design, the intervention consisted of a self-report survey. The study / data collection / intervention was conducted between ____ and ____. compositors case = This study was a nonrandomized controlled trial consisting of an intervention and a minimum intervention comparison group. The study was performed for 24 weeks between October, 2009 and March, 2010. This study was part of a project conducted by the Niigata city government in Japan.Participants and RecruitmentEmployees from a mining company and rail freight company, from several work sites set(p) across rural and remote Queensland, Australia, were invited to participate in a survey. Employees were rec ruited via appliance sampling.Include power analysis? Did we estimate the number of participants we required?Work sites were selected based on ____? Employee accessibility? Rural remote sites, due to minimal access to health services?A total of ___ employees participated / completed the health risk assessment and survey / study. Of those, ___% were male, ___% female, ranging in age from ___ to ___ (Mean___ years). Mining sites included _______ (N = ).Employees were provided with a detailed information sheet, explaining / outlining the study, and informed consent was obtained prior to participation / commencement of risk assessment / survey.ProcedureSurveys were, both in hard copy and electronically .Self-report data including demographic, health / nutrition behaviours, and lust for improvement, desire for assistance and intention to participate in a work-based health promotion program, were collected.Health behaviour and nutrition items, included salt, milk (fat), and fast food co nsumption, and meeting national guidelines for daily fruit and vegetable intake ( case Health Survey, ABS 2011-2012).Demographics were measured / obtained using/ with use of survey items from the National Health Survey (ABS, 2011-2012). Nutrition items measuring fat content of milk, salt intake, relative frequency of takeaway consumption, vegetable servings and fruit servings per day were based on items included / in National Health Survey (ABS 2011-2012) and Queensland Health survey (Overweight and Obesity, 2011).Results intelligenceImplications. those individuals least healthy nutrition/ health behaviours, less likely to participate in WHPP, uptake of program may require health risk assessment and health education prior to WHPP implementation, to raise awareness and increase program reach / uptake for those more at risk of health problems / illness related to / due to poor nutrition and eating behaviours.