Historical Analysis of the Military Draft Policy Essay -- Military Arm

Historical Analysis of the armed forces Draft Policy The Constitution adopted in 1789 gave Congress the advocator to raise and birth armies, but it neither mentioned nor prohibited conscription. The Framers left that issue to the future, although most of them believed that the United States like Britain would enlist its men rather than conscript them, and would pay for its armies through the power to tax. Not until World War I did the United States rely primarily upon conscription. The selective Service Act of 1917 was adopted in large part because a civilian-led preparedness movement had persuaded many Americans that a selective national draft was the most equitable and efficient way for an industrial society to raise a wartime army. Woodrow Wilson overcame considerable opposition, particularly from agrarian isolationists in the South and West and ethnic and ideological opponents of the war in the North, to obtain the temporary wartime draft. (Berger 1981)For more than 50 years, Selective Service and the registration requirement for Americas young men have served as a backup system to provide manpower to the U.S. Armed Forces. President Franklin Roosevelt gestural the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 which created the countrys first peacetime draft and formally established the Selective Service System as an independent Federal agency. From 1948 until 1973, during two peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the armed forces which could not be filled through voluntary means. (Gerhardt 1971)A lottery drawing - the first since 1942 - was held on celestial latitude 1, 1969, at Selective Service National Headquarters in Washington, D.C. This event determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, that is, for registrants born among January 1, 1944 and December 31, 1950. Reinstitution of the lottery was a change from the oldest first method, which had been the determining method for deciding order of call. 366 blue plastic capsules containing birth dates were placed in a large glass jar and drawn by hand to assign order-of-call numbers to all men within the 18-26 age range specified in Selective Service law. With radio, film and TV coverage, the capsules were drawn from the jar, opened, and the dates inside posted in order. The first capsule - drawn by Congressman Alexander Pirine (R-NY) of the Ho... ...ain that our armed forces will not leave Iraq until a stable democracy is intact and if other actions are taken against countries such as North Korea and Iran as chat failure continues to break down, we will find U.S. military sources stationed in those countries as well until they too have reached a level of stablility that is consistent with how the United States governance would approve. And although our commitment to these current day conflicts has not reached a status where a draft would be needed, talk has begun to stir and its reinstatement could come in the near futu re. good or bad, each individual has its own opinion and its policy will be debated for years to come. BibliographyAnderson, Martin. The Military Draft Selected Readings on Conscription. Stanford, California Hoover Press. 1982.Berger, Jason. The Military Draft. New York H.Wilson CO. 1981.Carter, Phillip and Paul Glastris. The Case for the Draft. Washington Monthly March 2005, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p18.Flynn, George. Conscription and Democracy. Westport, Connecticut. Greenwood Press. 2002.Gerhardt, James. The Draft and Public Policy. Columbus Ohio State University Press. 1971.

Literature of the 1970s :: essays papers

typographys of the 1970sThe literature of the 1970s contains a divergent come of writers and genres. Poems, novels, and rook stories are the main forms of expression, and these were produced by writers from around the world. Many of the books in the 1970s revolve around a general theme of mans alienation from his spiritual roots(Gillis).One author of the seventies is John Updike. He portrayed his characters trying to find the meaning in a beau monde spiritually empty and in a state of moral decay(Gillis).Interest in the 1970s focused on writers as disparate in the concerns and styles as V.S. Pritchett and Doris Lessing(English Literature). V.S. Pritchett is noted as a literary critic of remarkable education. She is also considered a master of the short story. Doris Lessing went from writing short stories collected as African novels concerning the role of women in coeval society.No playwright dominated this decade of both social and artistic unrest. Among the most hold were Sa m Shepherd, Lanford Wilson, David Mamet, and Neil Simon(Gillis). Another noted playwright is Edward Franklin Albee. He is an American playwright whose most successful plays focus on familial relationships. His early plays are characterized by themes typical of the theater of the absurd. The characters suffer from an inability or unwillingness to communicate meaningfully or to sympathize or empathize with one another(English Literature).Another author of the seventies is Iris Murdoch. A teacher of philosophy as well as a writer, she is esteemed for slyly comic analyses of contemporary lives in her many novels such as The Black Prince. Murdochs effects are made by the contrast between her off-the-wall characters and the underlying earnestness of her ideas(English Literature).Eudora Welty, an American writer was born in Jackson, Mississippi. Some of her novels include The Robber Bridegroom, Delta Wedding, The Ponder Heart, and Losing Hearts. Her skillful re-creation of regional patte rns of speech and approximation make her well-noted. Weltys main subject is the intricacies of human relationships, particularly as revealed through her characters interactions in intimate social encounters(Eudora Welty Biography). Most of her novels and short stories are tales of eccentric and even hideous characters. She portrays them with charm and sympathetic humor. Many of the stories that brought her fame first appeared in The New Yorker Magazine. Another American novelist during the seventies was Michael Shaara. He was ashort-story writer whose writing on military matters is known for its historical accuracy and realism.

Free Affirmative Action Essays - Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination :: affirmative action argumentative persuasive

plausive execute is Reverse Discrimination         That student was accepted because of affirmative action policies. With my first intake of the phrase, I realized that the student, whom I knew and worked with so many times, the one with such a lack of motivational ability, confidence, and ideas, was now occupying my chances towards a preferred school.  Affirmative action, I soon engraft out, was used by President John F. Kennedy over 30 years ago to imply equality and equal access to all, disregarding race, creed, color, or subject area origin. As a policy setting out to resolve the problems of discrimination, Affirmative Action is simply nothing more than a quota of reverse discrimination.         Affirmative Action emphasizes prospective opportunity more towards statistical measures.  It promotes the hiring and acceptance of less experienced jobs of the workforce and less able students.  Sometimes the affirmativ e action policies forces employers and schools to choose the scoop up workers and less privileged students of the minority, in all, regardless of their potential lack basic skills.  As remarked by Maarten de Wit, an author whos article I found on the reality Wide Web, affirmative action beneficiaries are not the best pick, but only the best pick from a limited group.  Another article I found,  Affirmative action A Counter- Productive Policy by Ernest Pasour also on the W.W.W., is one example which reveals that Duke, a very famous and prestigious university, select a resolution requiring each of its department to hire at to the lowest degree one new African-American for a faculty position the 1993 date.  More proofs of Affirmative Action in action is the admission practices at the University of California Berkeley.  In the same article by Pasour, it states that while whites or Asian-Americans need at least a 3.7 grade point average through high school to be in consideration for admission in Berkeley, most minorities with much rase standards are automatically admitted.  All the preferential treatment may provide a basis for employers, employees, as well as real applicable students to urge on for an end to Affirmative Action.         The development of more racial tensions are yet another part of the Affirmative Action policy.  Tensions between blacks and whites and other racial groups at U.S. colleges are related to preferential treatment. Tensions at the workplace also deal with the toleration of race and sex

Hamlet -- the Characterization Essay -- GCSE English Literature Course

Hamlet -- the Characterization The beautifully developed characters within Shakespeares dramatic tragedy, Hamlet, are manifestations of genius. Let us in this essay tour the gallery of the Bards characters in this well-nigh famous play. George Lyman Kittredge, in his book, louvre Plays of Shakespeare, describes the Bards excellent characterization of Claudius King Claudius is a superb figure almost as great a dramatic creation as Hamlet himself. His intellectual powers are of the highest order. He is eloquent formal when formality is appropriate (as in the speech from the thr unitary), graciously familiar when familiarity is in place (as is his give-and-take of the family of Polonius), persuasive to an almost superhuman degree (as in his manipulation of the insurgent Laertes) always and everywhere a model of royal dignity. His courage is manifested, under the most terrifying circumstances, when the mob breaks into the palace. His self-control when the dumb show enacts his s ecret crime before his eyes is nothing less than marvelous. (xviii) The genius of the Bard is revealed in his characterization. Brian Wilkie and throng Hurt in Literature of the Western World examine the universal appeal of Shakespeare resulting from his sharply etched characters Every age from Shakespeares time to the manifest has found something different in him to admire. All ages, however, have recognized his supreme skill in inventing sharply etched characters it frequently happens that long after one has forgotten the exact story of a play one remembers its people with absolute vividness. It is true, paradoxically, that many of Shakespeares characters represent universal types.. . . Scores of them are fu... ...stitute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/ juncture/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and pack Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992. Wilson, John Dover. What happens in Hamlet. New York Cambridge University Press, 1959. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. Hamlet A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p. Pocket Books, 1958.

Gambling and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Gambling and the spiritWhy do gamblers bet more after they just lost a hand? Why do investors accommodate good money after bad? Why do people believe that a string of losses makes a win more potential? Why do so many people say that they will win their money back in the next hand? Is part of the woo of gambling its unpredictability? Or do we just look at it as a way to get rich quick? The answer to these questions whitethorn lie in the science of the conceiver. Some studies indicate that gamblers bet more after a loss because they are induced to fix an error. Their brains are cogent them theyve made a mistake and that they need to correct it (1). These studies could possibly explain other risky acts. If you ask many people why gamble, their response is it is same(p) a drug (5).Compulsive gambling is a behavior which may rely on brain circuits that evolved to help animals assess rewards important to their survival. Researchers have shew that those same circuits are used by the human brain to assess social rewards. They found that the brain systems that detect and evaluate much(prenominal) rewards generally run away outside of conscious awareness. The study said that much of what happens in the brain goes outside of conscious awareness. There are automatic brain circuits which affect activities such as gambling (2). However, this challenges prior notions which say that people make conscious choices about their everyday decision making. If people can get themselves to work unconsciously, how does the brain really know what it must pay conscious attention to? Also, how did evolution create a brain which makes such distinctions? Experiments performed on animals and humans are demo that the brain has evolved to shape itself according to what it e... ...times.com/3)Gambling has drug-like effect on brain,USA Today Newspaper articlehttp//www.usatoday.com/news/health/2001-05-24-gambling.htm4)GamblingLike Food and DrugsProduces Feelings of Reward in the Brain , Scientific American http//www.sciam.com/missing.cfm5)You Bet Gambling Is Addictive , Business Week Online http//www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2001/nf20010531_176.htm6)The Good, the Bad, and the Anterior Cingulate, Science Journal, Science snip http//www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5563/2193a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Gambling&searchid=1017881463081_295&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=3/1/2002&tdate=3/31/20027)The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary Gains and Losses, Science Journal, Science Magazine http//www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5563/2279

Gambling and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Gambling and the BrainWhy do gamblers bet more(prenominal) after they just lost a hand? Why do investors throw good money after bad? Why do people believe that a string of losses makes a win more likely? Why do so many people say that they will win their money back in the next hand? Is type of the appeal of gambling its unpredictability? Or do we just look at it as a way to get rich quick? The practice to these questions may lie in the science of the brain. Some studies indicate that gamblers bet more after a loss because they be induced to fix an error. Their brains argon telling them theyve made a mistake and that they need to correct it (1). These studies could possibly explain other risky acts. If you ask many people why gamble, their receipt is it is like a drug (5).Compulsive gambling is a behavior which may rely on brain circuits that evolved to help animals assess rewards important to their survival. Researchers nurse found that those same circuits are used by the human brain to assess social rewards. They found that the brain systems that detect and evaluate such rewards largely operate outside of conscious awareness. The study said that much of what happens in the brain goes outside of conscious awareness. There are automatic brain circuits which assume activities such as gambling (2). However, this challenges prior notions which say that people make conscious choices about their everyday decision making. If people can get themselves to tame unconsciously, how does the brain really know what it must pay conscious attention to? Also, how did evolution create a brain which makes such distinctions? Experiments performed on animals and humans are showing that the brain has evolved to shape itself according to what it e... ...times.com/3)Gambling has drug-like effect on brain,USA Today Newspaper articlehttp//www.usatoday.com/news/health/2001-05-24-gambling.htm4)GamblingLike Food and DrugsProduces Feelings of Reward in the Brain , Scientific Ameri can http//www.sciam.com/missing.cfm5)You Bet Gambling Is Addictive , Business Week Online http//www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2001/nf20010531_176.htm6)The Good, the Bad, and the Anterior Cingulate, comprehension Journal, Science Magazine http//www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5563/2193a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Gambling&searchid=1017881463081_295&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=3/1/2002&tdate=3/31/20027)The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary Gains and Losses, Science Journal, Science Magazine http//www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5563/2279

Do you think murmurin judges is a hopless play? Essay

David Hares aim to paint a portrait on some of the chronic wrongs inwardly the dysfunctional, corrupt Justice system has definitely shown. As throughout this play we start to come to real numberise critical issues, and situations that often occur in real life such a prejudice, racism, sexism and stereotypes. However the ending of the play gives us a blurry light at the tunnel because although Sandra gives us a glance of hope as she says, I want the chief Superintendant. I wonder. Could I set out a word?, some people would have predicted the ending to of had a larger impact of justice. This canister be distressing and slightly worrying as it causes the reader to feel unsafe as we have to rely on the odd moral characters such as Irina, and Sandra. If Hares intensions were to reveal what goes on in the system, then he definitely portrayed that, but if his intentions were to reassure the audience that at that place is always hope then he didnt for fill that as it only made us feel worse.Hare also underlines the issues that the system were veneering in England in the 8os and early 90s such as the increased levels of immigration and terror of the (IRA), and highlights the prejudge situations against the Irish within the system. such as when Barrys showing a slight hatred towards the Irish which he says to Sandra, He was kind of Irish as well. He may find oneself to Hail form the north, but he did stand with a load of Micks outside the pub on Clampham Common every evening. I think we can guess his primary allegiance. Barry also threatened Travis and Fielding which the semtex plantation, here Hare is showing elements of the terror attacks of the 80s and 90s.The play is non hopeless in the respect that is has taught us not to automatically believe the high status of the people in the high courts, as we have been blind by there qualifications, there wealthy lifes and there high hierarchy in this world. We have learnt to respect and believe the image of stiff a uthority through social learning and we all forced to believe that there right. But most of these judges and barristers have never seen the real world, and have never considered the backgrounds of there clients, they think they know everything. Such as when Sir Peter makes up his own language towards criminals as the sub-average human, and says I have delineated dozens of people like him. Hes an ordinary, slightly sub-average human being who has landed himself in a dam stupid mess.In this play Irina also says, A lawyer should never be emotionally involved, this makes the audience feel that maybe there should be some fashion of relationship between the lawyer and the client, because otherwise why would the client trust the lawyer with there problems or the truth? The lawyer will never be able to find justice if they never know the truth behind there clients.An allegory of the justice system being portrayed as a factory of workers, as in each section of the justice system everything is everything is being passed on up the chain. Such as a manufactory chain from the prison house (primary work), the police force (secondary work) then the judiciary (tertiary work).I think the overall message is not hopeful as there is still a innocent man (Gerrard) as he reminds in prison and only to people Irina and Sandra trying to revolutionising the system against a whole battery of lawyers, police and prison officers.

Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meeting Reaction Paper Essay

The Narcotics Anonymous meeting which I attended was named 7 Days of NA which was rigid on 1212 North Wolfe Street at an organization c exclusivelyed Dees Place. Just as the Alcoholic Anonymous meeting previously attended, the location appeargond to be in a covert and quiet place to hold a support pigeonholing. We entered with the rear entrance, which seemed to be staged that way to secure participants identity. As forrader at the last support group I attended, I searched around the room to see again, a 12 steps guide posted on the wall, a relatively thick NA Basic Text textbook on the desk of the facilitator and this time there were more participants in attendance. There were approximately 20 woman and men in attendance, predominantly African Americans and two Caucasian women, hitherto a majority of the attendees were women. All of which we either their due to creation coquette ordered or there for the regular daily attendance. Before I was able to sit in my chair I was appro ached by a group of women, who appeared to be regular attendees, who greeted me with hugs and welcomed me to the meeting.After attending the AA support group, I felt as though I already knew what to expect and how to effectively receive the stories of how any(prenominal) of the individuals overcame substance abuse addiction. The meeting began with the facilitator reciting the Serenity Prayer, then she asked if anyone was new to the meeting. Again I was nervous and uncertain how to respond so I looked around merely did not stand up because I did not want to be acknowledged. They then made announcements, where I then witnessed three people receive account chains for being 1 week clean. Though to some being one week clean may not pose much significance, however to the individual who sustained their sobriety for that period of time, it was proven that it was an enormous step for the individual. To me I believe the use of the key chain is a great shot in motivating the individual to continue making progress towards their goals.I observed that when from each one mortal who had the floor recounted their stories of addiction, everyone appeared to have much admiration for the person sharing their story.I observed that before sharing their story they started with an introductory statement saying Hi, my name is Janet, and I am an addict and much standardised AA after each individual recounted their stories they thanked the group for having them while the grouped responded Thanks for sharing. This group, like AA appeared as though they were a unified family. Everyone listened to what each other had to say with no interruptions, no biases, and all appeared to be in support of one another. After listening to some(prenominal) stories of individuals suffering from addiction of various outlaw(a) substances to include mainly heroin, crack-cocaine and benzodiazepines, I was in awe as to how early some individuals began abusing drugs. Some of the participants started usi ng drugs as young as 12 geezerhood old while some have been abusing drugs for as long as 20 yrs. However many participants identified as being clean for several years to include one woman who was clean for 15 + years, which made me reflect on how strong these individuals must be to overcome such a powerful disease such as addiction. I noticed that though they have been clean for so long, they still dedicate themselves to attend NA meetings to do in maintaining their sobriety. accord to Gossop, Steward and Marsden (2007), it has been proven that attendance in 12 step self help groups including AA and NA meetings shows increased abstinence, improved psychological health outcomes and improved substance use outcomes. Expressing their stories of addiction to the group, for myself may appear to be seemingly hard and embarrassing but with a group of such sympathetic and supportive members, recanting their stories came with ease. Once again I was asked if I would like to share my story , however this time I was more prepared and quickly and respectfully declined the prospect to share a story with the group. Many participants engaged the group with stories of overcoming addiction or being sexually molested by family members as reasons behind their addiction. However all of their stories were compelling and empowering to the group of individuals who have seemed to endure some of the same sentiments as their fellow group mate.It appeared as if the individuals in the group even though that were speak to ordered appeared to be extremely engaged and very involved during the meetings. It seemed as though most who attended found peace and solice fromthe group during the NA meetings. As it stated by Krentzman, Robinson, Moore, et.al (2010), clients state that their top two reasons for attending NA meetings were to promote recovery/ sobriety and to find support betrothal and friendships. One thing that I learned from the NA group that just as in AA, family support deems to be an important function on the intentness of an addict and that the participation and involvement of family is detrimental in the discussion process for the addicts. In several of our readings many of the passages discussed the effects of family systems support as it pertains to substance abusers chemical substance addiction. The passages described the family system as being a detrimental part of the treatment process as well as for the treatment of the family as well.According to past studies, family involvement has aided clients in sustaining abstinence from drugs/alcohol and studies also show that those individuals with extensive family involvement in therapy reported higher numbers of clients being abstinent after six months as well as a much better family relationship (Crnkovic & Delcampo, 1998). After listening to all the stories of both feelings of drubbing and success, the environment felt so warm and opened. Everyone made each other feel like no matter how long someo ne has been addicted or whether someone has fallen victim to relapse, they were still a part of the family and they were there to aid that individual in getting through their demise. Everyone motivated and supported each other to succeed. At the close of the meeting, everyone stood in a circle while everyone embraced and recited the Serenity prayer again.I believe that NA is an extremely important opinion of the treatment and intervention process of addiction, because it allows the individual to open up to those who have similar issues and who can emphathize and relate to what that person may be going through because they have or are in the same predicament. Longitudinal studies has proven that having an affiliation with NA has a greater likelihood of sustaining abstinence, improved social mathematical operation and self efficiacy (Humphreys, Wings, McCarty , et al., 2004).As it relates to social work, advocating for self help groups such as Narcotics Anonymous are detrimental to the treatment process of addiction. These groups provide, advocacy, support and education to their clients which are all essential in supporting addicts in their treatment recovery. Working with these individuals requires empathy, understanding and comprehension of the diseasemodel of addiction, to be an advocate for not lone(prenominal) clients facing addiction, but for the surrounding urban communities which are consumed with the drug abuse epidemic daily.ReferencesCrnkovic, A., & DelCampo, R.L. (1998). A systems approach to the treatment of chemical addiction. Contemporary Family Therapy An International Journal, 20(1), 25-36. Gossop, M., Stewart, D., & Marsden, J. (2008). attending at Narcotics Anonymous and AlcoholicsAnonymous meetings, frequency of attendance and substance use outcomes after residentialtreatment for drug dependence a 5year followup study. Addiction, 103(1), 119-125.Humphreys, K., Wing, S., McCarty, D., Chappel, J., Gallant, L., Haberle, B., & Weiss, R. (200 4). Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems Toward evidence-based practice and policy.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(3), 151-158.Krentzman, A. R., Robinson, E. A., Moore, B. C., Kelly, J. F., Laudet, A. B., White, W. L., & Strobbe,S. (2011). How alcoholics anonymous (AA) and narcotics anonymous (NA) work Cross-disciplinary perspectives. Alcoholism treatment quarterly, 29(1), 75-84.

Homosexuality in the Christian Church Essay

oddity is defined as consistent fantasy, interest and arousal toward a person of the same sex. discrepancy exists about the explanation of paederasticity. On the other hand, evidence supports the fact that homoeroticism has existed throughout the history of humankind and is not just a development of the twentieth century. Early psychoanalytic theory concluded that homosexuality developed from conflicts derived from early developmental disturbances. Investigators more in recent times give up explored neuroendocrine explanations as a cause of homosexual development. The results of these studies have been controversial.On the other hand, a lot of experts believe that sexual orientation, whether heterosexual or homosexual, is the consequence of a multifarious interface flanked by anatomic and hormonal influences during fetal growth. As investigators attempt to reply the question of etiology, others have worked to further define the incidence of homosexuality. Cognitive and common ex pansion throughout adolescence is an intricate progression characterized by the acquisition of a sense of self-separate from family, a sexual independence, the capacity for intimacy and the ability to be autonomous. (The Christian Science Monitor)For those young people who grow a homosexual orientation in a society based on heterosexuality, the changeover all the way through adolescence is expanded and expressed to some extent in a different way throughout the stage of acquiring a sexual uniqueness. Interviews with light and lesbian youth specify a normal pattern in which an adolescent accepts his or her own homosexuality. It is the sexual orientation toward people of the same sex. Homosexuality contrasts with heterosexuality, sexual orientation toward people of the opposite sex.People with a sexual orientation toward members of both sexes are called bisexuals. Female homosexuals are often called lesbians. In juvenile years, the word gay has been applied to both homosexual men a nd women. Homosexuality appears in almost all societal contexts within unlike community settings, socioeconomic levels, and cultural and dutiful groups. The number of homosexuals in the inhabitants is not easy to find out, and dependable data do not subsist. Nevertheless, current estimates propose that the term homosexual may relate to 2 to 4 percent of men. Estimates for lesbians are lesser.Not all people who slot in homosexual commotion essentially bar themselves as homosexual. (Zgourides, G. ) The move toward greater unity among Protestant denominations has continued in the 21st century however, within denominations there is still conflict between conservatives and moderates or liberals. One for the most part divisive issue is homosexuality. Denominations debate whether to ordain practicing homosexuals and whether to bar clergy from performing same-sex marriage ceremonies. Some church servicees blame all homosexual activity, temporary hookup others refuse to do so.Consequentl y, according to the same religious law that many of them use when religiously citing the gay and lesbian community, countless, reputable Christian leaders today, specially within African America, are in a word adulterers. However, you will not readily read of religious leaders publicly denouncing the brotherly and religious validity of their fellow splitd clergy who have married more than once, like you will their cry loud and spare not public cries relating to gay and lesbians desiring the live choice and right to marry only once.There exists no evidence that suggests Jesus ever discussed same-sex anything, publicly or privately, during his ministry. However, Christ, the bedrock of modern-day Christianity, did publicly condemn religious leaders of his age for granting bills of divorcement. However, wading through all the hype in the media these days one might just conclude the opposite. (Knutson, D. C. ) It is considered an act of insipid grace to say that the immeasurable, u nmerited grace available from God stops only at the sin of adultery. Does Gods amazing grace stay on only those sins of Old Testament law that are socially comfortable by todays standards?Let me put it another way Is divorce (absent of unfaithfulness) a sin? Many Christians might respond, and there is plenty of scripture to back that up. Then will God consider the bed of that remarried person defile? Most would probably respond, No, absolutely not, because of the New Testament law of grace, and there is plenty of scripture to support this. Christian churches historically have discriminated, excluded, and persecuted homosexuals on the rump of their sexuality. The emergence of new social attitudes and modernization has contributed to the easing of such taboos.However, the role of the church to defend minorities has led to serious conflicts between the gay community and the churchs prohibition of homosexuality. Within the Christian churches, homosexually oriented people have been ex cluded, marginalized and persecuted in the great majority of cases. The relatively few exceptions, which are known, are rarely taken into account. John Boswell, from whom the most important studies in this area have come, has found examples of liturgical forms for the union of same-sex partners from the churches of Asia Minor.Nevertheless, it must be said in general that in societies, which have morally proscribed homosexual relations, treated them as taboo or legally forbidden them, the sexual ethic upheld by the churches has not represented a divergent position. (Bauserman, R. ) New reflection by the churches in this area began only under the influence of a shift in social attitudes towards sexuality. The processes of modernization and secularization were accompanied by a removal of sexuality from the realm of taboo and a new respect for the private sphere.Furthermore, since the end of the nineteenth century modern sexual research has brought new insights into how the sexual iden tity of persons is formed. In addition, constitutional provisions guaranteeing the rule of law have made it accomplishable for the first time for homosexual people to organize and struggle publicly for the abolition of discriminatory laws and regulations. For the most part the churches have supported the decriminalization of homosexuality only hesitantly. Nor was this new orientation primarily the consequence of new biblical insights or spiritual experiences rather, the reconsideration was touched off by other factors.In the first place, personal encounter with gay or lesbian people, once they no longer had to conceal themselves but could begin to speak for themselves, was certainly important. As a rule, living alongside homosexual persons on the job, in the neighborhood, within the circle of friends or relatives leads to a reconsideration of traditional social or mortal prejudices. A second factor was the exposure of individuals or groups in a good number of churches and congrega tions to the investigations and findings of modern empirical research on sexuality.However, this research is academically institutionalized (usually in connection with faculties of medicine) in only a few countries and church declarations on sexual ethics draw explicitly on scientific sexological research only rarely and usually in passing. Finally, it should be noted that quite a few churches have accepted the decriminalization of homosexuality and the linguistic rule of non-discrimination against people because of sexual orientation through decisions by their competent governing bodies without however immediately reconsidering their own moral convictions and reservations on the issue.Churches time and again have a great deal of freedom for autonomous structuring of their ordinances and especially their offices. They should work at abolishing any remaining discrimination because of individual sexual orientation in the right to hold office and accept homosexual persons as office-be arers of course, as in the case of all office-bearers, according to the measure of their suitability for the growth of the community. (Boswell, J)

Definition of Nursing

care for is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, bar of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment of human beings responses, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations, defines the American Nurses Association (ANA, 2003, p. 6).The six main features of care for are provision of caring relationship to put up health the different human experiences and responses to health and illnesses assessment of data and knowledge to understand each age group application of knowledge, judgment, and critical thinking to diagnosis and treatment advancement of professional nursing knowledge influences on social and public policy to promote social justice and the assurance of safe, quality, and evidence base practice (ANA, 2010, p. 9).Discussed will be the definitions and examples of human responses, nursing application, nursing actions, and nursing outcomes. Human Responses According to the AN A (2010), a human response is defined as, the responses of individuals to material or potential health problems, and which are the phenomena of concern to nurses (p. 10). Human responses are essentially the problems that nurses want to work on or solve. Human responses include any manifest need, concern, condition, event or fact of interest to nurses that may be the target of evidence-based nursing practice, states the ANA (2010, p. 0). Human responses are the target of evidence-based practice in relation to birth, health, illness, and termination (ANA, 2003, p. 71). An example is the care processes, which is seen in a patient who is unable to care for themselves where the nurse assumes this role to care for the patient (ANA, 2003, p. 71). Another example is physiological and pathophysiological processes much(prenominal) as respiration, circulation, and elimination (ANA, 2003, p. 71). Research is continuously investigating the best practice in caring for the bodys physiological process.For example, if a patient cannot urinate, a catheter is place to aid elimination. A protocol for insertion and how often the catheter should be changed has been determined from research making it evidence-based practice. Another example of human responses is physical and ruttish comfort, discomfort, and pain (ANA, 2003, p. 71). Pain medications and interventions to relieve pain are researched to find the best method to reduce pain and promote comfort. The last example of human responses is last and choice making abilities (ANA, 2003, p. 1). Through evidence-based practice, the nurse is able to use knowledge about the best standards of practice to critically think when caring for a patient. Nursing Theory According to the ANA (2010), nursing theory is defined as, a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, or propositions used to systematically describe, explain, predict, or control human responses or phenomena of interest to nurses (p. 10). Nursing theory is mainly the s cience and reason behind what evidence-based practice is founded on.Jean Watson was a mid-range theorist who focused on the theory of human caring (Cherry, 2011, p. 98). Her theory was summarized as, philosophy and science of caring and humanistic nursing this holistic outlook addresses the impact and importance of altruism, sensitivity, trust, and interpersonal skills (Cherry, 2011, p. 95). This theory serves as a basis for evidence-based practice because caring for others is basis of nursing. Also, trust and rapport has to be evident in the nurse-patient relationship to provide adequate care in ameliorate others. Caring promotes the notion that every human being strives for interconnectedness with other humans and with nature, explains Cherry (2011, p. 98). The goal is for the patient to experience balance and harmony in mind, body, and soul to overcome illness (Cherry, 2011, p. 98). Nursing Actions According to the ANA (2010), nursing actions are defined as the aims to, protect, promote, and optimize health to proscribe illness and injury to unbosom suffering and to advocate for individuals, families, communities, and populations. (p. 11).The ANA (2010) continues by stating, nursing actions are theoretically derived, evidence-based, and require well-developed intellectual competencies (p. 11). For example, one nursing action/intervention to promote health is better hand hygiene by nurses to prevent the spread of infection to patients. A nursing action/intervention to prevent injury is assessing a patients surroundings to jockstrap prevent falls such as keeping the bed in a low position, the room uncluttered, and having the patient ask for help before trying to get out of bed. Another xample of a nursing action/intervention to promote safety for the patient and aid in the prevention of medication errors is the five rights of medication administration which are the right patient, right dose, right route, right time, and right documentation. A nursing act ion/intervention to prevent needle stick injury in nursing is going to the needleless system by using retractable needles, not recapping needles, and always disposing needles in the sharps container. Most of the tasks and mathematical process have a protocol and has been researched.They have been proven as the best practice method, so it is known as evidence-based practice. Nursing Outcomes Nursing outcomes are basically the last part of the process and the final effects. The ANA (2010) explains this as The purpose of nursing action is to produce beneficial outcomes in relation to identify human responses. rating of outcomes of nursing actions determines whether the actions have been efficient. Findings from nursing research provide rigorous scientific evidence of beneficial outcomes of specific nursing actions (p. 11). Human responses are the initial location or problem.Nursing outcomes are the final effects after the nursing theories and actions have been implemented. The outc omes are reviewed to see if it should be implemented into practice or not. The conspiracy of the two is what defines evidence-based practice and if it is implemented then that has been found to be the best result to be put into practice. Conclusion Human responses, nursing theory, nursing actions, and nursing outcomes are essential characteristics in defining the nursing practice. Nurses are valued for their knowledge, skills, and caring to aid in improving the health of the public (ANA, 2003, p. ). Nurses are prudent for providing safe, effective, and quality care (ANA, 2003, p. 1). Nurses use human responses to anticipate actual or potential problems. They use nursing theories to assist in working on the actual or potential problem. They then implement an action to see if that will help to solve the problem. Then finally, the nurse will see if the outcome has been effective and if so they are helping to bring it into practice. Nursing will continue to be defined in the future us ing these characteristics of evidence-based practice.

Money Transfer in Ghana Case Study

The introduction of agile notes divine service is taking place in isolation further in parallel with the advent and expansion of other pecuniary electronic payments function. One of these is E-Zwich, an electronic platform that enables the loading and spending of electronic hard currency and a ilk acknowledges the settlement of inter- commit claims in addition to online proceeding. Others ar being made available over the Internet and through SMS-text messages. The government regards these go as commiting.They are strictly regulated and licensed by the Central Bank- Bank of Ghana under its branchless banking policy. Both MTN and ZAIN SIM cards are enabled to utilize the service but each new subscriber posits to register for the service at before it is activated. Upon activation, the wasting diseaser is provided with a secure electronic handbag where notes brush aside be disbursed or uploaded. The aimrs house either exchange electronic money for physical interchan ge (cash out) at shops, retainer banks and accredited agents or make use of it in making purchases or raptuss.Enabling a Cash Flow to Rural Areas In general, the most popular planetary money service is money transfer. The trend is for users in urban reachs to transfer funds to recipients in rural areas. Traditionally in Ghana, city dwellers often send money to members of their extended family surviving in rural areas. Other typical service include the purchase of mobile mobilize airtime, goods and services through electronic transfer of money from users wallet to the merchandisers account.Commenting on money transfer via mobile phones, Carl NiikoiAshie, an mcommerce (mobile commerce) specialist at Zain who works on evaporate, said The customers can cash in by loading money onto their ZAP wallet, then send the money to someone else on their phone in a simple process. The person receiving the money can cash out by press release to any of our outlets and exchanging the evalu e for physical cash. Were seeing tremendous elevateth in the service across the country, with to a greater extent cash-in done in the major cities while cash-outs are seen preponderantly in the small towns. Ashie sees a lot of evidence that his product is reaching Ghanas unbanked. Users do not need to slang a bank account to use the service. Currently, there are a lot of monetary transactions that take place outside the confines of the banks and it impart take a product like ZAP to fill the void while providing a secure, convenient and trustworthy channel of transaction, said Ashie. Some customers have also requested products that will allow them to use their ZAP wallets for savings and hence enjoy beguile on their savings, just as pertains in the traditional bank setting. Today, consumers have a garland of ways to send and receive funds or money transfers. Although using cash to send a money transfer is the most popular order for most people, to a greater extent and much people want additional options to send and/or receive funds on the internet, over the phone, and now, on their mobile phones. sprightly money transfer is simply another way to send money. It is a transfer of money to a receiver in which the funds are deposited into a mobile or virtual wallet. As the number of mobile phone subscribers in Ghana adjoins, so does the market for mobile money services.The majority of Ghanaians drop any formal bank account. mobile money could change the shape of financial transactions in the country. An estimated 80 percent of Ghanaians are unbanked meaning they result their transactions outside the banking sector with no access to financial services. Products like mobile money, that enable safe and secure money transfers without the use of a bank account, could have a major impact on this unserved segment of the population. roving money gives anyone with a mobile phone the ability to transfer money, make cash payments and conduct other financial tra nsactions over the phone. nimble money is a relatively new phenomenon in Ghana. It was first introduced by the telecom party MTN some years ago. MTN Mobile Money operates in partnership with nine banks. Currently, more than 2 million Ghanaians are registered as active users. MTN expects this number to grow as a result of the resources they have committed to educating subscribers about switching from the traditional mode of cash payments to electronic payments. Earlier this year, Zain became the second mobile operator to provide mobile money services through the introduction of ZAP, working with three banks.The coverage and accessibility that mobile services provide is of increasing interest to the financial services sector. Countries are considering mobile technology to reduce the cost of delivering financial services to clients beyond the reach of traditional financial services. ECONOMIC BENEFITS Mobile money transfer has some socio- economical benefits in Ghana, some these are F irstly Improved financial Access, consider a situation whereby a given job has to carry out a common payment operation, such(prenominal) as bill payment or funds transfer, and that operation demands transportation with all inconveniences given to it.If the same transportation cost were paid to a service that would effect the same payment on behalf of the company over the mobile phone or else, this more convenient manner brings about saving time and energy for other activities, in so doing increasing productivity by performing two tasks instead of one at the end of the day. It appears, therefore, that using your mobile phone to make payments represents to a very large extent convenience taken to another level.By exploiting the extensive reach of mobile communicates, the mobile industry has the opportunity to complement and extend remittance convey, make transferring money significantly more convenient and also bring many an(prenominal) people into the formal banking system. W ith more than 15,000,000 mobile phone subscribers in Ghana, the potential market for these new services is significant. Mobile money presents certain(a) wagess for Ghanaians without access to banks. Penetration of mobile services across the world is increasing rapidly. In 1990 there were just over 11m mobile phone users worldwide.Today, over 3 billion consumers own mobile phones. At the same time, the possibility to technically integrate mobile and financial services is becoming increasingly apparent. A recent survey conducted by Edgar Dunn & Company and the GSM Association (GSMA) predicts that, given an improved regulatory environment, in 2012 7% of the subscriber base in developed countries and 4% in developing countries will initiate at least one cross-border remittance. This equates to just over 248 million consumers in 2012 using mobile money transfer services.Financial access for the poor is still an issue in many developing countries. There are currently approximately only 0. 5 million bank branches globally with only 1. 4 million ATMs compared to over 3 billion mobile customers worldwide. The mobile device has the potential to extend access to financial services for the banked, but also for the under-served and unbanked parts of the population. This improved, financial access can be achieved by exploiting the extensive reach of mobile networks. Traditional remittance channels can be complemented and extended with mobile money transfer services.Thus making mobile money transfers significantly more convenient, bringing many remittances from informal channels into the formal system. Secondly it reduces the transaction cost of money transfers. Bank transfers and specialist remittance companies can be prohibitively expensive for small denomination transfers, restrain the ability of individual workers to distribute funds to a larger number of people and penalizing those sending small amounts. Retail premises and staff be append overheads, leading to hi gh commissions, especially for remittances under ghc100.It drastically contends down the cost of providing service to customers. A study carried out proved that there is a satisfying cut in customer care cost. This results from the fact that mobile money transfer eliminates the need for costly call centers and frees up customer service avail desk. In addition real-time information is provided to customers and employees. Using a mobile platform such as SMS fro simple task as payment reminders and funds transfer can reduce the burden on IT and personal resources. This has also been found to reduce cost and errors associated with paper-base operations.Significant reduction in operational costs means additional revenues can be invested in other areas of the business. Mobile technology can lower the cost of remittances as it removes the need for physical points of aim and tells a timely and secure method of transaction. This c oncept of mobile money is extremely attractive to low i ncome users in particular Mobile money transfer services can make remittances more affordable. Mobile technology lowers the cost of remittances as it removes the need for physical points of presence by banks and ensures a timely and secure method of transaction.This concept of mobile money is extremely attractive to low income users in particular. It reduces the transaction costs of financial services for the poor, especially those in rural areas where financial services seldom exist. Mobile money saves the cost of travel and time spent visiting the nearest town to access financial services. As noted in AudienceScapes research, mobile money provides people with a way to transfer money safely and keep (or even increase) their savings.From the customers perspective, mobile banking is relatively easy to use, and this is another advantage compared to traditional means of banking as well as electronic banking, given the fact that text messaging has become a common application of mobile p hones. Thirdly mobile money transfers drive growth and development. Mobile money has the potential to create jobs directly through hiring in the mobile phone companies, partner banks and the more than 4,000 merchants involved in Ghanas mobile money system.Key partners in the supplying of mobile money services include commercial banks, mobile phone operators shops, distributor shops and accredited agents. Jobs may be created indirectly as mobile money contributes to growth in Ghanas business and trade. If deployed successfully, mobile money could help individuals accouterments funds outside the banking system and channel them into the formal financial sector, thus making it easier to gather funds for investments. Not surprisingly, the general manager of Mobile Money-MTN, Bruno Akpaka, sees many benefits for Ghana as it continues adopting this service.Akpaka believes mobile money will help trade activities within the country and foster strong business partnerships. The creation of wide merchant footprints in places where traditional banks cannot go also contributes to bringing people into this new model of financial transactions, said Akpaka. MTN Mobile Money is bridging this existing huge severance amid the unbanked and the financial sector. Mobile-financial convergence creates socio-economic benefits. It is widely accepted, that increased access to mobile telephony in developing countries brings considerable benefits to the economies of the respective countries.It is estimated that an extra 10 mobile phones per 100 people in a typical developing country lead to an extra 0. 89 1. 210 percentage points of growth in GDP per person. In addition, remittances are an important engine for growth and development in developing countries. The World Bank estimates that reducing remittance commission charges by 2-5% could increase the electric current of formal remittances by 50-70%, boosting local economies. Reducing the cost of sending each individual remittance would encourage the delivery of lower value remittances, at smaller values than todays average transfer of ghc200.Financial regulators have the opportunity to use the development of mobilefinancial convergence to achieve their aims ? ? ? ? New services offered to consumers, i. e. mobile money transfer services (innovation) Cheaper prices through more efficient use of the mobile infrastructure (competition) Across all consumer groups (banked, under-banked, unbanked) Transition remittances from informal to formal remittance channels (more profile of money flows) Both the mobile and the financial industry benefit from this opportunity to cooperate in new ways providing innovative services to an increased customer base.The challenges facing the market. Access Access to the facilities to receive money is often limited, particularly for the poorest people in more rural areas where the banking sector is under represented and a largely cash-based economy exists. There are currently approxi mately only 0. 5 million bank branches globally with only 1. 4 million ATMs compared to virtually 2 billion mobile customers worldwide. Those who would benefit the most are therefore the least likely to benefit from remittances from migrant workers, locked out of their market through their social, economic and geographical position.Cost Bank transfers and specialist remittance companies are prohibitively expensive for small denomination transfers, limiting the ability of individual workers to distribute funds to a larger number of people and penalising the poor who can only afford to send small amounts. Retail premises and staff costs increase overheads, leading to a high fixed commission cost per remittance with industry revenues estimated at an average 15% per transaction, increasing to over 25% for remittances below ghc100.Handset operability There are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking dissolving agent o n any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS. Initial interoperability issues however have been localized, with countries like Ghana using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, while focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone.The desire for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide better security, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities similar to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the basics but becomes difficult to operate with more complex transactions. There is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of common technology standards for mobile banking.In practice it is too early in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be addressed within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks follow the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world.Security Security of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmittal of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks IT departments. The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network 1. somatic part of the hand-held device.If the bank is offering smart-card based security, the physical security of the device is more important. 2. Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. 3. Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions. 4. User ID / Password authenticationof banks customer. 5. encryptionof the data being transmitted over the air. 6. Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer. One-time password(OTPs) are the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the fight againstcyber fraud . Instead of relying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each time they want to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface. When the request is received the password is sent to the consumers phone via SMS.The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired. Because of the concerns made explicit above, it is extremely important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry it is necessary to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on he speed of delivery, throughput, etc. SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. Scalability & Reliability Another challenge for the CIOs and CTOs of the banks is to scale-up the mobile banking infrastructure to consider exponential growth of the customer base. With mobile banking, the customer may be sitting in any part of the world (true anytime, anywhere banking) and hence banks need to ensure that the systems are up and running in a true 24 x 7 fashion.As customers will find mobile banking more and mor e useful, their expectations from the solution will increase. Banks unable to meet the performance and reliability expectations may lose customer confidence. There are systems such as Mobile Transaction Platform which allow quick and secure mobile enabling of various banking services. Recently in India there has been a phenomenal growth in the use of Mobile Banking applications, with leading banks adopting Mobile Transaction Platform and the Central Bank publishing guidelines for mobile banking operations.Application distribution Due to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to regularly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so called Over The Air updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchron ization of other dependent components.Conclusion. For customers and businesses in the country, it is a unique platform to bring convenience in financial transactions to customers, an area which before this period had been beyond our domain and reach for those of us in Ghana and most of Africa. For the customer, its time and cost saving elements cannot be over accent and the earlier we adopt electronic ways of financial transactions, the better it will be for a whole society that would see a transformation, resulting from the ability to cut down on time lost accessing basic services like funds transfer amongst businesses and individuals.

Niels Bohrs Theory Work Environmental Sciences Essay

Niels Henrik David Bohr was born on the 7th of October 1885 in Copenhagen and was boy of the Professor of physiology at the Copenhagen University Christian Bohr and married woman Ellen. Neil along with his sm every(prenominal) br other Harald who would in the hereafter go a Professor in Mathematics, grew up in an environment well-situated to the development to his mastermind as his male parent was an high physiologist and so was chiefly responsible for Niels interest in natural philosophies rousing while he was s savings bank at school every bit good his female parent came from a household that was distinguished in the calculate of instruction.After inscribing at Gammelholm Grammar School during 1903, Niels entered The Copenhagen University where he was under the instruction of Professor C. Christiansen who was a profound original and extremely talented physicist. Niels took a Masterss degree in Physicss in 1909 and a Doctor s grade in 1911. dapple Niels was still a pupil an procl amation from the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen of an award that would be given for the base to a specific scientific job caused Niels to transport out a theoretical and experimental probe on the surface tenseness by demeanor of hovering unstable jets. His calculate that he carried out in his male parent s research research laboratory for which he was awarded a award of a gilded decoration was released in the Transactions of the Royal Society during 1908.However Bohr s continual surveies became progressively more than theoretical with his physician s debate world a complete theoretical work of the history of the belongingss of the metals with the support of the negatron which to this twenty-four hours is still a authoritative subject. It was in this that Niels was frontmost to be confronted in concert with the effects from Planck s quantum theory of radiation.During the fall of 1911 Niels Bohr take away a stay at Cambridge, where he gained by following the practical work go oning in the Cavendish Laboratory under the counsel of Sir JJ. Thomson every bit good as this he pursued his ain theoretical surveies. During the spring of 1912 Niels worked at the research lab of Professor Rutherford in Manchester, where merely in these old ages such thorough scientific life and act prevailed as a consequence of that research worker s of import enquiries into the radioactive phenomena. Having carried out a theoretical work on the incorporation of alpha beams which was released in the Philosophical Magazine in 1913, Niels locomote on to the whirl of atoms on the foundation of happening the nuclear karyon by Rutherford. By borrowing constructs from the Quantum hypothesis which was established by Planck, which increasingly came to restless an of import topographic point in scientific discipline of theoretical natural philosophies, Niels achieved in working out and so eventually showing a diagram of atomic construction that, with future accommodations ( chief ly from the consequence of Heisenberg s thoughts in 1925 ) , and still serves as a light of the physical and chemical belongingss of all elements.During the twelvemonth of 1913 into 1914 Bohr did talks on natural philosophies at Copenhagen University. During 1914-1916 he did the same at the Victoria University in Manchester. During the twelvemonth of 1916 he was made Professor of theory-based Physics at the Copenhagen University and stayed therefore since 1920 Niels was the caput of this institute of notional Physics that was established at the university for Bohr, ( until his decease during 1962 ) . Niels received acknowledgment for his work on the construction of atoms when he was awarded with the Baronial Prize in 1922.Niels Bohr s probes in his Institute from 1930 became progressively directed at the assemblage of information on the construction of atomic karyon, and of their transitions and atomizations. During 1936 Niels highlighted that in the atomic procedures, the smallne ss of the countries where interactions take topographic point warrant the passage processes in the instance of atoms to be talked about in a more classical manner.Harmonizing to this position a really good image of a karyon would be a liquid bead. The comprehension of the method of atomic nuclear fission was permitted by the alleged liquid bead theory when the splitting of U was sight subsequently by Hahn and Strassmann during 1939, and formed the base of valuable theoretical work in this subject among others by Frisch and Meitner.Niels Bohr besides helped with the cast of the troubles found in quantum natural philosophies in peculiarly when he developed the construct of complementarity. By this Bohr could evince how deeply the cardinal characteristics of scientific mentality was affected by the alterations in natural philosophies and as a effects of this alteration of attitude range much(prenominal) further past the range of atomic natural philosophies and touch on all the sph eres of human cognition. In a figure of essays were written during 1933- 1962 discoursing these positions. These essays are on hand(predicate) in the English linguistic communication and are collected in two volumes each with the rubric Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge and Essays 1958- 1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, edited by John Wiley and Sons, New York and London in 1958 and 1963 , severally.Among the some 115 publications by Professor Bohr, three come out as books in the English linguistic communication send packing be referred to as stand foring his chief ideas are The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution, University Press, Cambridge, 1922/2nd. ed. , 1924 Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, University Press, Cambridge, 1934/ reissue 1961 The Unity of Knowledge, Doubleday & A Co. , New York, 1955 .While Nazi Ger umpteen held business of Denmark during the clip of the arcsecond World War, Niels fled to Sweden where he so spent the work two some of old ages of the war life in England and besides in America, this was where Bohr came a portion of the Atomic Energy Project. Niels committed his work to in his posterior old ages to the wont of atomic natural philosophies for peaceable agencies and besides to political jobs that were emerging after the devising of atomic arms. Bohr offered the recommendation in peculiar of ontogenesis towards the complete openness between states. Niels sentiments were particularly laid frontward in an Open Letter to the fall in Nations he sent during June in 1950.Bohr s other accomplishments include being the President of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Danish Cancer Committee, and the president of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission, he was besides a contradictory Member of the Royal Society in London. Niels was besides portion of the Royal Institution and Academies in the undermentioned Countries and States and Cities Amsterdam, Berlin, Bologna, Boston, Budapest, Cracow, Dublin, G ottingen, Halle, Harlem, Helsingfors, Liege, Moscow, Munchen, Oslo, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Trondhjem, Uppsala, Vienna, and Washington. Bohr was besides a Doctor, honoris lawsuit which means note doctors degree at universities, colleges and establishments from 1923 to 1939 these were located in Cambridge, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Kiel, Providence, California, Oslo, Birmingham and London. From 1945 to 1962 Paris, Montreal, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Athens, Lund, New York, Basel, Aarhus, Macalester, Minnesota, Chicago, Zagreb, Haifa, Bombay, Calcutta, Warsaw, Brussels, Harvard, Cambridge and ( New York ) .Niels Bohr married during 1912 to Margrethe Norlund who was a perfect spouse for him. They had six boies but two died. The staying male childs made themselves celebrated businesss in assorted lines of work with Hans Henrik accomplishing a grade in medical specialty, Erik became a chemical applied scientist, Aage having a Ph.D. in theoretical physicist and so following in his male parent s footfalls became the Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics and Ernest became a attorney.Niels encephalon stayed qui vive as of all time till his decease ( in November 1962 aged 77 old ages of age ) during his last few old ages of Bohr s life he showed a big involvement in the new promotions of molecular biological science. The newest of Bohr ideas on the job of Life came into position in his last and incomplete work was released after he died was called ignition and Life revisited .Atomic Theory Bohr s Contribution.The Atomic Theory is a theorem on the nature of affair it states that affair is made up of distinct units called atoms and that in the cosmos could be broken down to highly little atoms. The word atom comes from the Greek adjectival atomos intending undivisible was used to the basic atom that made up a chemical component because the chemists at that clip believed that these were the basic pieces of affair.The greatest v aluable belongingss of atomic and molecular do up may be functioning as an illustration utilizing an easier made image of an atom that is referred to as the Bohr Model. This theoretical card was suggested by Bohr during the twelvemonth 1915 nevertheless it is non wholly right due to neutrons non being discovered yet but it has many features that are approximately right and it is equal plenty for much treatment. The right theorem of an atom is called quantum chemical mechanism Niels Bohr s theoretical account is unsmooth conjecture to quantum mechanics that has the unity of being much easier. hypertext transfer protocol //image.tutorvista.com/content/atom/neils-bohr-model-atom.gifA Planetary Model of the AtomNiels Bohr s theoretical account is every bit good known as the planetal theoretical account of the atom as an illustration it is used as a symbol for atomic energy. In the Bohr Model the protons are in the Centre of an atom this is called the karyon and the negatrons orbit the nucleus rather interchangeablewise like the planets in our solar system orbit the Sun nevertheless the orbits are non contained to a plane as is comparatively right in our solar system.This coincidence between the planetal theoretical account and the theoretical account that Niels came up with of the atom in the terminal proceeded because the attractive gravitative force that is in a solar system and the attractive electrical force between the protons and negatrons in any atom are mathematically of the same. However even though the pattern is the same the strength of electrical interplay is much greater than the gravitative interaction in a solar system. In add-on to this there is ever a positive and negative electrical charge that causes the interactions to be drawing towards or forcing off nevertheless with gravitation it ever has an attractive force in our new existence.NIELS BOHR CONTRIBUTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICShypertext transfer protocol //csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/l ect/light/bohrframe/h-levels.gifQuantized energy degrees in HThe basal characteristic of quantum mechanics that is used in the theoretical account that Bohr came up with was wholly distinguishable from the correspondent planetal theoretical account where the generated queen of the atoms in Niels atom is confined to peculiar distinct values. One says that the generated power is quantized significance that merely peculiar orbits with peculiar radii are allowed and so orbits in between merely do nt be.These degrees are marked by an upstanding number n which is called a quantum figure. The lowest generated power province is usually called the land province. The provinces with repeatedly increased generated power than the land province are called first excited province , second excited province and continues on a similar. Past generated power is named the ionization potency with the individual negatron of Hydrogen is no longer attached to the atom. The generated power degrees so or ganize a patterned advance. In the circumstance of Hydrogen the patterned advance starts at 13.6 electron volts preceding(prenominal) the land province ( electron volt is short for electron-Volt , a by and large know unit of generated power in atomic natural philosophies ) .While this mode may look Wyrd to us that are educated from birth by watching phenomena in the macroscopic universe, it is the manner things act in the assorted universe of the quantum that grasps influence at the atomic degree.Bohr s Engagement with the Atomic BombBohr s cognition and ideas of fission were put to utilize in the creative activity of a concatenation reaction procedure that led to the development of the atomic bomb. Bohr used his Liquid Drop theoretical account to assist grok the fission procedure. During the Second World War, Niels and his household left Denmark in order to get away the menace against the Judaic people. Because Bohr himself was half Judaic his household and him escaped by pickings a fishing boat to Sweden. After this Niels Bohr traveled to England where he was portion of treatments sing the atomic bomb undertaking. Bohr once more traveled during 1943, to Los Alamos, New Mexico to work with other Danish workers and other scientists on the Manhattan Project. It is to an extent cryptic with the sum of aid by Bohr, but it is known that he was a portion of many treatments about the right usage and bid of the atomic bomb or with any other signifier of this freshly discovered energy beginning. Bohr was really apprehensive with the atomic bomb and seemed to see it as something that could unite states, because it had the possible to do awful harm. As portion of Bohr s work to advance the proper usage of the new atomic bomb Niels sent a missive during the twelvemonth 1950 to the United Nations to discourse peaceable policies with atomic arms. Bohr besides conversed with Roosevelt and Churchill about his sentiments about the egress of atomic energy.OTHER ACHI EVEMENTS BY BOHR.*1920-Bohr made descriptions of the periodic tabular array.*1936-Bohr described the karyon as a compound construction.*1939-Uranium isotope fission.This theory was proposed based on experiments to acknowledge the fission mechanism, by his co-worker O.R. Frisch in Bohr s lab. The base thought for Frisch s experiment came from the determination of decay merchandises by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman. Bohr was on his manner over to the United States when Frisch was undergoing his experiment nevertheless Bohr found out the consequences while on his manner and straight off came up with a theory. Bohr s ideas deduced that the uncommon U isotope 235 was fissile by slow neutrons while the common isotope 238 was nt. This comprehension of unstable fission fragments straight off triggered the idea of using a concatenation reaction to make big sums of generated power. This was to be important to the devising of the atomic bomb in the old ages that followed. Correspondence Prin ciple -Bohr stated that anticipations in quantum mechanics and classical mechanics should fit for the most energetic instances. Two theories were offered by Bohr and his fellow workers at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. Copenhagen reading of quantum mechanics.Complementary Bohr described as how two things can be as two distinguishable phenomena, each every bit of import and each defined under different fortunes. An illustration would be how an negatron can act like a atom and a moving ridge. Both are every bit of import.Awards and Positions*1916-Bohr returned to the University of Copenhagen to learn Physicss*1916-He was appointed Chair of Theoretical Physics at U. or Copenhagen*Appointed Director of the Niels Bohr Institute*1922-Won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his atomic construction*1957-Received the first U.S. Atoms for Peace Award

Monthly Progress Report for OJT Essay

Continue updating the EBEIS placement for those schools who submitted updated profile info of their school. phoned on the whole the public elem. and Secondary school in Cavite close their reports on Disaster Risk Reduction assigned focal persons 16Updating the Address directory of private schools in Cavite both in elem. and Secondary original files from other departmentsContinue updating the EBEIS System for those schools who submitted updated profile information of their school. 30Assisting the teachers encoding in the EBEIS SystemContinue updating the EBEIS System for those schools who submitted updated profile information of their school.Monthly Progress Report for the month of September and First Week of OctoberDateDayTask Performed2Mondayprint a division memorandumPhotocopying a twenty pieces of form for ocular visitI was tasked to check the records of each school for both Elementary & HS regarding ASP (Adopt-A- domesticate program) to know the top 10 active schools. Filli ng of Memorandum and DepEd OrderWent to SM to canvas printer, ink, flash drive and keyboard4FridayScanned 64 pcs. Of documentsPhotocopy a memorandumEncoded the ASP (Adopt-A-School Program).Assisting teachers who involve to use computers.6MondayReproduced 100 copies of memorandum and other documentsTasked to handle the registration for a Seminar about Adopt A School Went to Property Office to postulation an envelopXerox a form for the ASP meeting9WednesdayPrint a memorandumExtracted files that were in winrar format.I was tasked to the points of high school teachers needful for their ranking and arranged their ranks. Assisted the teacher in encoding EBEISWent to PLDT to get an application form for internet connection 11Friday*ABSENT*13Monday dress the ICT Office with Christmas decorsScanned a document of Maam Kaye.Printing of documents.Edit a template for PPTAssisted a teacher in encoding the EBEIS System16Wednesdaybrownout occurred till 400Went to Legal Office and help Ms. Judith in filling a documents Troubleshooting a computer in the Legal personaAssisted a teacher in encoding EBEIS until 630pm18FridayHelp in the Legal Office in to bind the documents so that when they go to their new Office everything was arranged 20MondayScanned 19 copies of documents of Sir JayEncoding regarding EBEISI edited in Photoshop a scanned paper needed by Sr. burn mark from Accounting Office. Designed a template for PPT using Adobe PhotoshopReceived files from other departments of the company25WednesdayBrought the HIRS record to Clinic and Legal Section and let the staff signed the paper Photocopied important document27FridayTransferred some things like files, office materials, etc., to the new ICT office Received files from other departmentsArranged the tables and chairs30MondayI helped in cleaning and arranging the computers, documents and furniture that were transferred. 2WednesdayPrinting of documentsPhotocopy of the documentsTroubleshooting a computer in the Legal Secti on4FridayWent Records office to make off some documentsEncoded the Adopt a School Program reportsWent to personnels office to check if the superintendent is around Photocopy of the documentsComputed the remaining hours of my OJT and the accumulated duration 7MondayUpdating the ASP (Adopt-A-School Program) of the schools.Received documents from divergent schoolsWas tasked to call all district schools in elementary and HS to ask their updated Google Electronic Mails and their ASP Quarterly Report. 9WednesdayEncoded the ASP (Adopt-A-School Program) and updated Google email make a requisition letterWent to Property Office to submit the requisition letterI and my co-trainee went to Trece Martires City HS to download all updated Google accounts and ASP Quarterly report. Phoned the principal of GEAHS (Bailen) to confirm if they have received the computers under ICT Computerization Program (batch 9) that was delivered in the year 2011. 11FridayPhotocopy of the documentsReceived documents from different schoolsDelivered files to the Personnels Office14Monday*ABSENT*16WednesdayPhotocopied some important documentsEncoded the Updated Google Accounts of teachers in different schools inCavite for both Elementary and High School

Differences and Similarities between American and Japanese Friendship

My concept of Japan was what I have seen in Nipponese movies such as the geisha and was precise much the same as almost everyone living in America. My whole idea of the this instant Japanese culture changed when I went there for a couple of weeks for a business trip. Stepping into Japan is as if stepping into a busier New York unless no one speaks English as much. Having spent some conviction in Japan I was able to have a look at their culture and their sexual congressships. On my way, back I analyzed the similarities and differences of American and Japanese friendship. Americans are very friendly people they cook up out about their friends and family.They have a life of their own, and do not like uninvited guests. In detail Americans rarely step into some1 elses provide without an invitation. They treat their guests with great respect, offer them a drink and generate to make them as much at home as possible. Japanese too are very friendly people and care a lot about thei r relatives, families and neighbors. They whitethorn be living on their own but do not have a private life. If a guest knocks on their door unannounced, they will be honored to have them in the house and would go an extra mil to make them comfortable. Japanese follow the true meaning of A good friend is my nearest relation.The American culture does not promote friendship, beingness friends with someone means knowing that person, trusting him and being there for him. The Americans lead a very busy life and they live their lives with a chip on their shoulder, since they do not know whether someone is being friends with them for personal gain or genuine likeness. Japanese Culture on the other hand believes that if you are unable to figure out a persons guinea pig look at his friends, therefore they make sure that from childhood children understand the importance of being friends with someone.Japanese may chose their friends very wisely but not because they fear being taken for a rid e but because their friends reflect their own character and because they believe that once a friend always a friend. It is a misconception that Japanese are busy people and will be found busy in their work. Japanese are sincere people and that applies to their work, their family and their friends. After a hard days work they try to make out time for their loved ones by meeting at a club or overtaking to ones home.One thing that is similar in American and Japanese friendship is that when invited to a friends house they never go empty handed, they take either a gift item or food, any(prenominal) that their friend likes best. As times are, changing so is the Japanese culture but no event how much they change one thing that will not change is their attitude towards their friends and acquaintances, since this is part of their upbringing. The American culture however is now trying to promote friendship by creating web spaces for people to move and not spend their time alone.

Never Defeated

Although these words whitethorn seem simple, the readers of this novel can learn so much from them. There is a significant variance between these terms, and capital of Chile thoughts. Words. And actions from the beginning to end of the novel are key examples of the differentiation. capital of Chile, the protagonist of the novel, is a smart old fisherman who has gone eighty-four consecutive days without catching a single fish. nonpareil would think that after so many unsuccessful days that Santiago spirit would be shattered, precisely day after day of the extensive fishing drought the old man refuses to let it spiel him down. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color s the sea and were cheerful and unbeaten (Hemingway 10). Instead of giving up and quitting, Santiago decides to head back out into the waters and is set on changing his luck. On the eighty-fifth day, Santiago finds himself in a face off against an eighteen-foot long marlin how ever, he is not able to bring the marlin in right away due to its large size and competency to fight back against him. The struggle between Santiago and the humongous fish goes on for what seems the likes of a never ending three days.Santiago isnt Just up against the fish however, besides also is in a constant battle tit hunger, exhaustion, and deep cuts on his hands. Nevertheless, he continues to have faith, hope, and trust in himself that he will persevere and conquer all the challenges despite the circumstances. It is silly not to hope. I believe It Is a sin (Hemingway 104). after three tiring days, Santiago ends up catching the marlin, which was the biggest fish he had ever seen. Although he was in lots of pain, was exhausted, and felt beat up, he never once was defeated. After Santiago reels In the big fish, he faces another hurdle getting home.The fight against the fish was a horrid task, but none of his struggles would compare to what he would have to fight through to get back. In localize to obtain the marlin, Santiago had to thrust his harpoon Into Its side, which caused the marlins blood to coat the waves. The fish blood attracts sharks, resulting In boundless shark attacks that Santiago had to fight off. However, he still perseveres. Ill fight them until the day I die (Hemingway 115). After battling the sharks with any defensive object on board he could find, the only thing that is left of the marlin is its skeleton.All the aggregate from the fish that could eve Ted so many tidy sum was t tort the sharks. Santiago and a conjunctive to the fish due to all the struggling they suffered through together therefore, when the sharks are eating the marlin, Santiago feels finished as well. Although the sharks may have won over the flesh of the marlin, nothing could take away the mastery of catching the great fish from Santiago. Santiago, like the fish, may have been a bit physically destroyed, but mentally he is never defeated. Even when it looked like all hope was lost, his bravery and dignity unploughed him going all the way to the finish line.Santiago accomplishment was something so permanent, that he became undetectable. Throughout the novel, Santiago face up many struggles, but he never lost hope and never gave up. His determination, work ethic, and positive emplacement all led him to overcoming the greatest challenge he had and would ever face. Each and every moment, Santiago did some(prenominal) he had to do to the best of his ability in order to achieve what he wanted, no takings what troubles transpired. Even though challenges and struggles had the power to take away chances of Santiago success, his spirit remained undefeated, for he was going to constantly keep trying no matter hat.So many life lessons can be learned from this novel. Santiago quote, A man can be destroyed but not defeated (Hemingway 103), can be applied to ones life, Just like it is in the book. In order for Santiago to be successful he had to put his whole self into what he wanted and stand strong when difficulty struck, Just like people today and in the past have to do. People can also learn that excuses must not exist in life because all they do is corrupt ones mind, making accomplishing something they want break away more out of reach. Finally, in life, as long as ones best effort is given at al times, nothing can bring them down.One may fall over and over again, but as long as they keep standing back up, they will never be defeated. Throughout life, people are presented with events to test how strong they truly are, Just like Santiago was. However, challenges open people up to opportunity and chances. If one puts their whole mind, body, and soul into something, they are bound to be successful in anything they do. Hemingway, The old(a) Man and the Sea, teaches readers so many lessons however, the biggest they can take away from it is to never give up. Never

Every Child Is Special Essay

Every Child Is Special is a Hindi drama film (Taargon Zameen Par, comment Stars On Earth) produced and directed by Aamir Khan (who also played the role of labour Shankar Nikumbh an art teacher). It tells some a boy, Ishaan Awasthi an eight-year old whose world is filled with wonders that no one else seems to appreciate and who were always getting in trouble at school for being so misbehaving and out of focus from his lessons. Too often, he would be caught by his teacher daydreaming and getting low grades.He even bunsnot read nor write, for him letters and poesy are his enemy. For the people around him, Ishaan is a naughty and lazy boy because of this, his father sent him to boarding school, all alone and homesick with the hope of disciplining him, but the academic status of Ishaan did not still improve. Instead, he became withdrawn and lonely, far from the Ishaan who was defendive and fun-loving. Then came a new art teacher Ram Shankar Nikumbh who infects the students with ex uberate and optimism.see moreevery child is special full movieHe breaks all the rules of how things are done by asking them to think, dream and imagine, and all the children respond with enthusiasm, all except Ishaan. But with Ram Shankar Nikumbhs time, patience, care, and some awesome motivation he ultimately helps Ishaan find himself and change the way Ishaan would act towards school and learn to appreciate himself even more. Darsheel Safary is so perfect for the role of Ishaan Awasthi.Safary, with his innocent malls and face, make me laugh with his funny antics and at the same time rend my heart as he goes through with(predicate) the agony of enduring boarding school alone and away from his parents. From start to finish, the movie gripped my attention, and the musical portions added to my enchantment for that I can say that Every Child Is Special is a one heart-touching movie. This movie is an eye opener as to the worth and significance of every child.The story deals with an i ssue that is as real as it is unrecognized dyslexia. The movie has increased my education about that kind of ailment. This is a kind of movie that can tug the heartstrings and at the same time bring hope that having dyslexia is not a desperate situation. Family support, patience, and esteem are central themes in this story, plus the primary focus on painting and art. The theory on multiple intelligences in education plays a major role in this movie and can be very informative to teachers and parents.

You’re Not Important. You’re Not Anything

Youre not important. Youre not any social function. granger is talking about how utterly insignificant Montag, and all human beings for that matter, atomic number 18 in the long scheme of time. He continues by saying But even when we had the books on hand, a long time ago, we didnt lend oneself what we got out of them. We went right on insulting the dead. We went right on spittle in the graves of all the poor ones who died before us. Quite evidently, granger is remarking on how important it is to piquancy the little moment your life consists of, to continually try throughout your life to off a withstanding impact.More importantly, he draws on how, in recent times, the members of society have become conceited and complacent, assuming there is postal code more to life than what surrounds them, lifes true meaning belittled by the anti-intellectual muckle of the government. It is through this manifest that Granger divulges the major themes of the novel, exhibit not only that li fe is a regular cyclic process, rather, how important it is that we recognize the position of literature in our sociable development. As we will explore, Granger acts as the hallmark for part three, and ultimately the underlying messages of the book.Moreover, much the likes of Bradbury seeks to impart on the indorser, Granger (Modern Day Moses), hopes to guide his group of literary disciples toward a promised land of free thought, alleviating the Dark age and creating a new set off of intellectualism. This can be extended further, one could indeed say that Granger, remarking on how insignificant Montag is in the grand scheme of time and evolutionary expanse, is also saying that on his possess Montag isnt much, besides with the collective power of the group, the impact could be tremendous, a message quite comparable to Bradburys.Throughout the novel we see Clarisse, then Montag, and then Faber, all try to create a humanistic spark within society, to turn the minds of those wh o cannot see. However, despite their attempts, it is only when there is collective movement, that we see change. Bradbury is not saying that the one-on-one is utterly useless when it comes to societal change, more so, if we want to avoid potential calamity within the social advancement of society, we too, must act collectively.Granger introduces cyclically regenerated mythological creature, the Phoenix, which becomes an enormously important literary tool for one of the subsidiary messages of the novel. Bradbury uses the Phoenix to describe how its regenerative calendar method is eerily similar to the swinging cycles of society. Just as the Phoenix destroys itself, so does human. From destruction to peace, despair to rejoice, society inevitably falls into a pendulum like cycle. Our ruinous actions consistently, much like the Phoenix result in the destruction of our societal being.Then, the cycle swings back and new life is found, at least until our destructive habits once again r eign. Bradbury, through the voice of Granger is invariably trying to take to task us of this truly cycle, armed with this knowledge mankind has the ability to prevent future calamity, to stop the cycle at its highest point. We differ from the Phoenix We know the damn silly thing we just did. At this present of the book, Montag is yet to realise the importance, position of influence, and subsequent responsibility he holds, or, the books hold.Granger acts as the flame for Montag, showing him his importance, showing him how, in the pendulum of time, he is insignificant. More importantly, that it is he who can freeze such a motion, and help society, mankind and all, prevent self-destruction. Granger sets the final tone for the novel, being one of the final voices he ultimately decides how the reader comes away from their reading. Through his remarks on societys cycle of self-destruction, and ones duty to make an imprint on future generations, Granger provides a summarised segment of the themes and motifs of the entire novel.Perhaps one of these segments one not often recognised the mirror factory metaphor. Toward the end of the novel Granger remarks, Come on now, were issue to go build a mirror factory first and put out nothing but mirrors for the next year and take a long look in them. To be able to change the complacency and destructive attitudes of society, they need a reflection of what they have done, to recognise who they have become. In innocent contrast to the parlour walls , where one sees a human they want to be, instead of one they already are, the mirror will show society what they are, allowing them to decide for themselves.It consolidates the process for self-reflection, helping society to rebuild, by first recognising their mistakes. Further, to an extent he also sets the tone for Bradburys final message how are we to feel about the future, undimmed? Depressed? Confused? It is Granger who acts as the cohesion for the themes and underlying m essages of Bradbury and that of the entire novel. His outlook, hopeful The wonderful thing about man Ishe never gets so discouragedthat he gives upHe knows very well it is mportant and worth the doing. Withal, through his remark Youre not important. Youre not anything, Granger not only poses a message to Montag, showing him how to relight society by creating a collective power to rubbish past destruction. Additionally, through the continuation of his speech, including his Phoenix motif, comments on the cyclical process of society and metaphorical use of mirrors, helps to solidify the underlying themes of the novel, and to a greater extent, Bradburys personal manifestation.

English as a Second Language Essay

The United States has long been viewed as the Land of Opportunity for many decades. Despite the numerous challenges that the clownish had to face inside the recent categorys, this image of the United States has not wavered. Hundreds of thousands of people from all over the valet continue to flock to the United States to try their luck, and to provide their children a brighter future than what they could ever fork up in their respective countries of origin.The continuous stream of immigrants into the country, and the fact that most of these immigrants come from countries where slope is not the national language, it is no longer difficult to come across an individual in the streets who either speaks no incline or has a limited mastery of the language. This is despite the fact that there has now been a rise in the number of countries that have now started programs to help train the younger generations, and even adults, to become fluent and principal to speaking, reading and writi ng in the English language. In many states in the country, particularly those located on the U. S. Mexico border, the number of individuals who are unable to speak, read, write English fluently outnumber those that do (Carreira 2000 Lipski 2004 U. S. English metrical unit 2005). As a result, the U. S. government has taken measures to establish a set of guidelines and standards for faculty article of belief English as a Second Language (ESL) in schools within the United States, especially in semipublic school systems situated in areas within the U. S. Mexico border much(prenominal) as South Texas. This opus aims to empower and evaluate the standards that have been applied in the country with regards to the teaching of ESL in schools in the United States.The paper would also present the paragon classroom setting, standards and method of teaching of ESL in school facilities in the country. These ideal standards would so be compared to the current standards and methods that is observable in ESL teaching facilities in the country. Based on the discrepancies, recommendations would then be provided at the end of the paper in order to ensure that the ideal standards are realized.The donnish Achievement first step Issue In order to understand the importance of the evaluation of the standards and method of teaching ESL in classrooms utilise by the U. S. government, a dry land on the different events that have led to the humans and implementation of these standards should first be provided. The population of students enrolling in school systems around the country has been dramatically ever-changing since the 1990s. Because of the rise of the number of immigrants relocating in the United States, the ethnic backgrounds and origins of these students have become more diverse such that the ratio of the number of native English speakers in classrooms against non-English speakers is 110 (Short 2000).The diversification of the students in call of their ethnic bac kgrounds has resulted to an observable division between communicatory and non-English-speaking students, particularly when it comes to the level of their performance in academics. look for studies have shown that non-native English-speaking students constantly struggle in achieving the same academic performance and standing as compared to their native English-speaking peers, which has come to be known as the Academic Achievement Gap.Based on the studies conducted in reference to determining the factors which has resulted to the presence of this gap between students in school systems of all year levels, researchers have determined that the primary factor for the presence of this gap is due to the lack of proficiency of the English language on the part of the non-native English-speaking students (Jia, Eslami & Burlbaw 2006 Lavin-Loucks 2006 Rumberger & Anguiano 2003).The Implementation of ESL Standards Since its discovery, the U. S. government has made addressing the Academic Achiev ement Gap one of its major concerns. This has then resulted to the transitory of the Educate America Act in order to cater to the needs of non-native English-speaking students to increase the standards of their academic performance within the classroom. As a result of the passing of this act, the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc.(TESOL) contracted a set of guidelines to serve as standards which would be implemented within the classroom setting (Short 2000). Altogether, there are nine ESL guidelines that have been open by TESOL to be implemented in academic institutions throughout the country. These guidelines were created in order to meet deuce-ace specific accusatorys. The first of these three purposes is to provide non-native English-speaking students the readiness to communicate within their social settings.Because of their limited mastery of the English language, non-native English-speaking students become withdrawn and non-participative in classro om discussions. Through the ESL standards established by TESOL, these students would be able to develop speech act behaviors which would, in turn, allow them to participate more during class discussions, comprehend the subject theme being discussed by the instructor and be able to convey themselves during social settings (Hafemik, Messerchmitt & Vandrick 2002 Short 2000).The second objective is to allow non-native English-speaking students the ability to achieve and excel within the academic institution. Regardless of the ethnic background of the students being handled, the expectations held by instructors to their students remain the same. By being able to provide the needs of non-native English-speaking students, they would be able to meet these expectations which include the completion of assignments through both written and oral methods (Hafemik, Messerschmitt & Vandrick 2002).The third objective TESOL aims to achieve through the implementation of ESL standards in academic inst itutions in the United States is to provide non-native English-speaking students the ability to use the English language in a manner that would be considered by their native English-speaking peers as socially and culturally correct. While it is true that a number of immigrants relocating in the United States have some form of mastery of written and oral English, the manner as to how the language is used by such immigrants may be considered by native English-speaking individuals to be rude and unacceptable.As such, the guidelines established by TESOL aims to correct the misuse of the English language in this manner by guiding non-native English-speaking students not just in becoming fluent and adept to the English language. The guidelines and standards would also aid in the teaching of the proper means of communicating using the English language such that their native English-speaking peers would regard as proper and appropriate (Short 2000).