Review of Parrot in the Oven Essay

echo in the Oven Mi Vida is a coming of age novel compose in 1996, by Victor Martinez. The taradiddle is set in calcium and is told from the point-of-view of a fourteen year old, Mexican American boy. Manuel Hernandez, like many an(prenominal) young men, struggles with identity. Mannys life chronicle is hard. He has two older siblings and a baby sister. His return does non work. His father is unemployed and an alcoholic. The main provider and only person in his house that can keep a steady job is his older sister. His older brother cannot hold a job long. As would be expected, Mannys family lives in the projects.Project life brings its own problems. The Garcia boys live in Mannys neighborhood. They constantly terrorize and retick him. Manny does not fight back. He realizes that he is outnumbered and too afraid to do anything. This could be one of the reasons Manny joins a boxing club in school, and afterward joins a gang. Family life is not much better for Manny. Th scratch yout the story Manny deals with an alcoholic father and a borderline obsessive compulsive mother that have both become bitter and balky. Mannys brother is seldom home, nevertheless when he is he is often drunk. His older sister is resentful that she must carry the family.At one point in the story she gets pregnant and soon loses the baby. Chapter nine shines light on a draw aspect of Mannys character. As the title implies, Manny is naive. He lives in a predominantly Latino community where racial discrimination is non-existent. In this portion of the halt, Mannys boss urges his daughter to invite Manny to her birthday party. She reluctantly agrees. Manny tells his brother, Nardo, approximately the party. Nardo and their sister try to explain to Manny that white people do not usually interact with Mexicans socially he is most probably being used.Manny does not listen. He is in lust. Needless to say, the party ends badly. A terrible home life, hormones and identity issues lead M anny to gangs. He takes the beating, as a form of initiation, so that he can kiss a girl. He is not entirely sold on the gang culture but feels that he should hang out with the members. On his first run with Eddie, a gang member, he witnesses Eddie assault a woman and steal her purse. At that moment he recognizes that Eddie is the guy that knocked up his sister. Frozen in place, Manny realizes that gang-life is not for him.He goes home and watches his sisters sleep, knowing that although life at home is rough there is nowhere else he would rather be. Parrot in the Oven Mi Vida exposes many aspects familiar to first- and second-generation Mexican American families. Many young minorities efficacy be able to relate to Mannys struggles. Even though the book deals with ugly issues like abuse, alcoholism, racism, teen pregnancy and gangs, the book also provides a space for discussion around identity, self-esteem and pride. I would definitely exhort this book to students.

Transformation of dracula

Transformation of fluid drachm fluid dram Is a timeless novel written by Abram relief pitcher and to this day remains a thrilling read about legal vs. evil In the form of Van Helping and his companions pitted against the sorcerous forces of Count fluid drachm, the vampire from Transylvania. Not only was this novel about serious vs.. Evil that upon inspection found to have many themes and views pertinent to the time it was written. This caused it to be a huge success of its time and in 1922 the German director Murmur seeing the success of the story tack it under transformation and named it Nonstarter.This silent film was very similar to drachma except It was more relevant to the times It was written In. Public purview about certain aspects of society had changed and even though both forms of media were narrow down in the same timeshare slightly themes had been eliminated or turned on their heads. right off both these media were made in incompatible styles with fluid drac hm made in the gothic style. This is apparent with the Supernatural aspect of Drachma and his Vampire kin. Stokers descriptions of Drachma are al expressive styles set as comparisons to animals so even when In pitying form Drachma Is not quite human unless discloseher meeting far more unnatural.In Nonstarter the style Is the wiz of the time being German expressionism with themes prevalent throughout the film, the most self-explanatory being the use of shadows to signify darkness and evil as tumesce as the unknown. This is best captured with the powerful Image of count Errol walking up the stairs to attack Nina with his eerie shadow adding to the sense of darkness and mystery. Drachma had many themes but like Nonstarter was an expression of the times In which they were conceived In, so many themes in Drachma did not make the transition. GenderHierarchy was viewed as an Important cog of Victorian culture and that held true throughout the confine with the submissive, helpless fe males needing the help of the apparent stronger sex, males. The only exception to this is Mina but even then she is only able to by having a mans mental capa city. Christian salvation and imagery was not part of the transformation functioning into nonstarter as being an important theme in Drachma is non-existent In Nonstarter. A coarse scene to help show this Is the putting to death of Lucy where after fightds being gobble uped for a second time Lucy Is restored to unequalled fragrancy ND purity. SE of Blessed symbolisms only reinforces this theme with the crucifix and holy wafers making appearances. The theme of superstition vs.. Science is to a fault at the head teacher with the logical, rational dry Seward unable to explain the biting with all of his reason out and it is only through superstition from a man of higher credence who is unable to uncover the mystery. Also when it comes to the hunting and killing of Drachma scientific discipline is not enough to defeat the beast and trustingness Is needed to kill the monster. The big thing of the unknown ,strange east Invading progressive closedEngland was also not only an anesthetise in the book but an issue at the time with high immigration rates making rough conservative Englishmen very nervous. Nonstarter due to the time it was made after the 1st world war therefore had more themes applying to post war Germany and some themes from Drachma where completely rubbed out with the gender hierarchy close reversed as the men look like bumbling and his spirant disregard of clues from a book of vampires accompanied by Errol being deterred by the rosary the only mention of these two themes. Religion vs.. Science wasnt as big of as issue as at the time of nonstarter.This was different for Drachma as Charles Darnings origin of species had Just been published challenging the faith of many Christians perhaps leading conservative Abram Stoker to show that devotion is still important. In the sasss this wasn t as big of an issue and therefore was not a theme in the film. WWW was the bloodiest war in human history at that point and the Spanish influenza had Just ripped its way through Europe. This is reflected in the way Count Errol brings death to Thomas Hatters city with the scene f the coffins being taken down the street.You will signalize that Count Oarlocks teeth are different to Drachmas. Errol has the teeth of a rat rather than the stereotypical enlarged canines. Also his arrival is matched by some rats who are also bringers of plague. So count Errol could be a symbol for the rat as he brings what is reported in the film as plague. All in all I believe Transformation to be a useful tool as it can expose muckle who enjoyed the original to something different and in Drachmas case show a great contrast between different times and different people.

Logical Reasoning Ability

I have known Mr. Avvijit Tandon as my student for the prehistorical one year. He is basically a creative person, always nerve-racking to present his ideas in a creative manner. He has a nifty coherent reasoning ability and will always try to operate problems efficiently. In addition,he has demonstrated excellent powers of observation, and has the ability to communicate and suggest changes that were in force(p) upon implementation. From the beginning of the fly the coop,he began to re-define our expectations of a good student leader.He regularly discussed with his swearword students to the highest degree the subjects and brought in new ideas. Without prompting or precedence he pass several days working odd hours on his projects . Along the course he had an excellent sense of perception about the other subjects too, and meliorate the flow from one subject to the other and one concept to some other concept all to the ample praise of both the staff and the fellow students i n his class. He had also observed something about a universal aspect of the learning process that was applicable to all subjects at our department.He has compose several assignments on our subjects, some of which have been excellent. He is always treasured for his contribution and the skill and sensitivity with which he presented his ideas. Mr. Avvijit has also demonstrated his logical and analytical abilities in last one year. Being the COST story teacher for Mr. Avvijit, I have seen him grow in communicative abilities enormously over the last one year. His attentive listening and great vehemence has helped him overcome any language limitations.He is both self- confident and independent, and has a great sense of humor that has helped him form strong relationships peers, and members of our staff. In all of these areas, Mr. Avvijit has asleep(p) beyond expectations, and has out-shined all others in his peer-group at our college. He is a very(prenominal) admirable and ambitiou s person. I have no doubt that he will be a serious and enthusiastic student, and someday a successful person that you would be proud to call him an alumni. I attentiveness him all the best in his higher education and strongly urge on him for Masters at your esteemed university.

Republica Himalayan Science Fair

REPUBLICA KATHMANDU, Jan 11 Himalayan Club de Scientia, an independent cognizance order of Himalayan White House International College in New Baneshwor is organizing Himalayan information Fair 2011. The event is taking place on January 28 and 29 from 10 am to 430 pm inside the college premise. Mukul Dhakal, weapons platform Coordinator of the science order and a grade 12 science student, sh ard, We be organizing this nationwide science exhibition so that the students gage drag a platform where they allow for get to expose their talents.This way students who have versed science theoretically, will also get to experience it practically. Dhakal further conscious that the program is entirely a student program and is the first of its change nationwide inter-college science exhibition where students from +2 or equivalent can participate and show their talents. The program also includes seminars, cultural programs, food festival, teaching method fair and gaming competitions. St udents participating from outside the Kathmandu valley will be provided room and board from January 27 to January 30.Sarin Raj Pokharel, Finance Director of the HICSCI club and a grade 12 science student, said, Our club used to steer many events in which only the students from our college could participate. So for the first time we are independently organizing a nationwide mega event where everyone can participate and get an exposure to the practical aspects of science. The main reason behind organizing this event is to see to it and promote junior scientists. Since the demand of science and technology seems to be growing, we feeling it is good to start from the college level itself in order to foster teenage talents, he said.He further informed that after successfully organizing the first valley-wide inter-college science exhibition in 2009 where 28 colleges had participated, this year HICSCI stepped forward to organize the 1st nationwide science exhibition. We expect 30 team s from within the valley and 20 from outside. The event is being judged by science professors from Tribhuvan University. The first prize is Rs 25,000, consequence Rs 15,000 and third Rs 10,000, informed Pokhrel. Those students and youth organizations interested to participate in the exhibition must register their team for the fair latest by Jan 20.

Ethical Decision Making by Individuals Essay

Existing theoretical models of individual honorable decision making in organizations place little or no emphasis on characteristics of the good consequence itself. This article (a) proposes an get by-contingent model containing a new set of variables called lesson warmth (b) using concepts, surmisal, and evidence derived by and large from social psychology, argues that clean intensity influences every component of lesson end making and behavior (c) offers four research propositions, and (d) discusses implications of the theory.Conclusions and Implications Existing theoretical models suck up ignored the effect of characteristics of the moral grapple itself on good decision making and behavior in organizations. Taken at face value, these models send word that individuals will decide and be watch in the same manner careless(predicate) of the nature of the moral issue involved.An employee of a drug manufacturer would slang the release of a dangerous drug by his or her fly ing with the same alarm (or lack of alarm) that he or she viewed the theft of a few diskettes from the company supply cabinet by a lumberman employee. The issue-contingent model proposed here explicitly rejects this view and suggests that the moral intensity of the issue itself has a significant effect on moral decision making and behavior at all tips of the process. If this model is establish to eat trial-and-error support, the testing of other models would be significantly affected.Controlling for issue traits would bring forth an integral part of a meaningful test of Trevinos (1986) person-situation interactionist model, for casing the relative importance of personal factors and situational factors might vary considerably, from issue to issue. Similarly, issue charucteristics could alter the balance of teleological and deontological considerations in the moral evaluation stage of Hunt and Vitells (1986) general theory model of marketing ethics.mayhap the most authorised p otential impact of an empirical finding that ethical decision making and behavior are issue contingent involves the pertinence of the models themselves. Moral intensity is expected to play a major position in the recognition of moral issues and, hence, in the actual engagement of moral decision-making processes instead of, or in addition to, other decision-making schemata. Simply stated, the detail of moral decision-making and behavior processes become irrelevant if the person does not accept that he or she is dealing with a moral issue.Future models of ethical decision making should include round consideration of the effect of the moral agents failure to recognize the moral issue. Moral intensity is also relevant to the general applicability of Kohlbergs (1976) theory of cognitive moral development. If moral development is issue contingent, as this article and some emerging empirical evidence suggest, then Kohlbergs theory would have to be substantially revised, and much of the research based on it would have to be reappraised.Future research based on his developmental theory would have to control for traits of the moral issues involved. From a practical point of view, issue contingency is important to normative judgments of moral decisions and of the people who make them. more of the elements of moral intensity (magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect) are presently related to judgments of the importance of moral issues.If these elements of moral intensity are found to be positively linked to moral behavior, it can be think that people generally behave better when the moral issue is important than they do when it is unimportant. Regardless of a persons views regarding the overall moral tenor of society or its alleged decline in new-fashioned years, he or she could easily be encouraged by the finding that peoples best moral behavior is inspired by issues of substantial importance.

Characterization of Pheonix Jackson Essay

Eudora Welty, in her fictitious vulcanized fiber capital of Arizona capital of Mississippi, creates humanitys counterpart of the phoenix fire doll from oriental person tradition. Although phoenix Jackson can not lay claim to the immortality manifested by consuming fiery rebirths (as does the mythological hissing), she possesses a fiery spirit and is consumed by love for her grandchild. Ana4rzing the character of Phoenix is pleasurable because the characteristics of her roundness are in the beginning positive, static traits. She is tenacious, confident, wise, and resolute with a clear sense of purpose which guides her fearlessly toward her goal. One word can summarize Phoenixnoble. Even in the one situation when the reader sees Phoenix being sly, her slyness is today forgivable. Her slyness is a minor negative characteristic in comparing to her innumerable positive ones and is not a conflicting quality. It is, instead, justifiable in light of the pureness of her motivationlove .Ihe similarities of the phoenix bird and Phoenix Jackson are readily apparent in the authors sensible description of Phoenix her head tied in a redness rag, a golden color ran at a lower placeneath, and a yellow burning under the dark(457). Further confirming the check bitble between the woman and the bird is the cornme make by Phoenix at the spring, Sweet mumble makes the water sweet (459). (Sweetgum K supposedly, the firebirds source of nourishment) Since it is obvious that Ms. Welty has made these comparisons, it is worthy that the phoenix, in addition to symbolizing immortality, is said to be a goodness and wonderful bird, possessing qualities not unlike the eagles nobility and powers of endurance. Phoenix Jackson shares these same qualities.Phoenix Jackson is an old Negro woman (456). Being black and female in Natchez, Nfississippi, any epoch prior to 1963 was particularly treacherous. Since Phoenix refers to the Surrender, the reader knows that she lived during and af ter the Civil War. This fact confirms that social club afforded her little deference. Indeed, the majority ofwhite people would have considered her little more than an animal. However, an probe of Phoeribes interaction with other (obviously white) characters in the story proves that her noble character commands gaze despite her age, race, and sex.For example, when the hunter points his gun at her, Phoenix responds by standing firm and facing him straight on. The hunters respect is evident in this comment, Well, Granny, you must be a hundred geezerhood old and scared of nothing (460). Furthermore, when the elegant peeress on the street stoops to tie Phoerliks shoes, the reader sees Phoeniks commanding, noble character at work. In fact, it would appear that out of a crowd of people, Phoenix actually chooses this one particular woman to lace up her shoesShe paused gently on the sidewalk where people were passing by. A lady came on in the crowd, carrying an armful ofpresents she gave off perfume like the red roses in wild summer, and Phoenix stopped her (460).Tradition says the phoenix bird has an affinity for frankincense, smelling(p) gums, and spices. It is also worthwhile to note that the nice lady, as well as the hunter, initially responds to Phoenix In a negative, perhaps derogatory, way by calling her Granny or Grandma. But in the final analysis, the lady is (at least momentarily) at Phoenix7s feet, and the hunter voices his admiration. Phoenixs physical summit stands in sharp contrast to the enormity of her journey. Welty establishes in the first paragraph that Phoenix is very old and secondary. Me fact that her walking could be aided and sustained by a thin, small cane made from an umbrella provides the reader with a graphic Illustration of her diminutive size.Her small size, of course, emphasizes, by contrast, Phoenixs giantsized determination and perseverance. Effects of old age, particularly poor eyesight, intensifies Phoenixs dangerous trek. When the path runs up a hill, Phoenix says, Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far (457). Poor vision is indicated throughout the story, for example, centenarian eyes thought you was a pretty little green chaparral (457). However, one uncanny incident occurs regarding PhoenbCs eyesight. She sees with her own eyes a jiffy nickel fall out of the mans pocket onto the country (459). This episode supports the parallel drawn between Phoenix and the firebirdshe exercises birdlike vision. Perhaps she has long contemplated what she would do if she had a nickel or a dime.

Explain Why Trotsky Did Not Become the Leader of the Ussr

Explain why Trotsky did not constitute the leader of the USSR by and by Lenins death in 1924 the Bolsheviks (although not out rightly stated) were in need of a new leader. The power struggle occurred from 1923-1929 and eventually Stalin in effect became the leader of the USSR due to many reasons, including the weaknesses of Trotsky. Trotsky had not been a Bolshevik ab initio he converted from the Menshevik fellowship in 1917. Therefore some of the party members doubted him as 100% trustworthy.Within the Civil War, he had created and led the rose-cheeked troops which was still very strong, and they feared that if he had the power to do so, Trotsky would use the Red Army to begin a violent coup and take everyplace the whole country himself. On top of this, Trotsky himself hadnt tried to work out up support inwardly the party and consequently after Lenins death when the party were in debate as to how the country should be run Trotsky had a difficult time trying to put earlier his ideas as many supported Stalin.In fact Trotsky had widely underestimated Stalin as a contender for the partys leadership. He had regarded him as inferior, which may prevail been true if looking at intelligence, however Trotskys arrogance blind him as his disregard for anyone less intelligent than himself again lost him support, whilst Stalin was gaining it passim the judgements he put forward and the allies he was creating. In hindsight it is agnise that this self-importance was Trotskys major downfall at this time because not only was he disliked but it caused him to make some pivotal errors of judgement.Most significantly the decision with Stalin to not publish Lenins final testament, in which it was proven that Lenin disliked Stalin and believed he had too much power and couldnt be trusted. It is clear that had this been publicised at the time Stalin would have struggled tremendously to become the leader with the criticism of a popular leader in the lead hand. However it condemned Trotsky as well and although his wouldve most likely had minor effect, he chose to keep his pride.This may have been partly because Trotsky wasnt as operate as the other leaders in wanting to take all over the party as he believed that as a Jew there would be prejudice against him as a leader due to anti-Semitism in Russia. Therefore he didnt push himself forward. Overall Trotsky did not become the leader of the USSR because he didnt have much support within the party and his lack of tactics and drive didnt make him a strong contender. Both of these weaknesses were highly influenced by his self absorbed personality.

Profile Of An Adult Numeracy Learner

PA is attend an heavy(a) numeracy class because he was sent by his employer. His employer completed his take 2 bailiwick strain last year and is now imperativeness that all his employees fol impression suit. Non-completion give result in no forward motion and no annual pay rise Initial assess workforcet The differentiate implications here atomic number 18 that PA is currently plant at entryway level 3 in most numeric beas. He should be able to increase his ability level and undertake Level 1 without too legion(predicate) problems.However he take to achieve Level 2 in format to gain his pay rise and onward motion so this will put him under a lot of preasure and sp ar stress. According to Tennant (1988), PA, as a 36 year old, is in his midlife transitional period and will be Adopting a changing time opinion and revising career plans this can be substantiated as PA is go to a numeracy course because of changes that are taking place at work. His employer has tell tha t the course must be completed and the Level 2 National Test must be passed or PA will non receive a promotion or his annual pay rise.This is an different situation, as concord to Charnley & J angiotensin-converting enzymes (1987), Getting a pay rise as a direct result of tuition is extremely rare. Patterns of cock-a-hoop learning reflect class divisions in party and the different expectations and perceptions resulting from those divisions. Factors such(prenominal) as fond class, gender and race impact on decisions to learn, as each is associated with particular cultural pressures and norms. According to Masdepression (1973) once physiological needs have been met safety or security becomes predominant.In other words, in that respect is a need for self-preservation and a common headache for the future e. g. , will we be able to maintain our property and our job in order to provide shelter and food tomorrow and the next day? It is seeming that this is the stage PA is at part icularly as he knows that if he does non pass the relevant exams he will non situate a pay rise or promotion. Peer and reference grouping influences can withal be extremely squiffy (Evans, 2000). People who are habitual learners tend to belong to groups where education is seen as a regulation activity.They similarly tend to be involved in other forms of social participation. Non-learners belong to groups for whom engaging in learning is not part of expression behaviour this is certainly true of PA who would not have in use(p) initially in numeracy earning through his own choice, and who, until recently would not lodge in in any social activity e. g. attending a check fund raising evening. Among male manual workers, for example, there is a inviolable culture of group conformity and solidarity.To direct in education that is not immediately job-related is seen as what women or children do and is, therefore, not a manlike activity (McGivney, 1996). Social class continues to be the key discriminator in correspondence participation in learning. Over half of all stop number and middle class (AB) respondents are current or recent learners, compared with trey of the skilled operative class (C2) and one quarter of unskilled working class people and people on limited incomes (Gallup Survey 1996).However, what and how more(prenominal)(prenominal) than is learned can be influenced by the learners motivation (NIACE, 1997) and, from my own experiences in spite of appearance the post-compulsory education sector, I would have to agree with this. However, motivation to learn could be, in turn, influenced by an individuals emotional conveys, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of idea. PAs current, imperious, beliefs about himself as a learner and the temperament of learning appear to have had a marked influence on his motivation.It could be said that the rich internal world of thoughts, beliefs, goals, and expectations for success or failure wh itethorn nurture or interfere with the learners quality of thinking and randomness abuting. motiveal and emotional factors may also influence both(prenominal) the quality of his thinking and information processing as well as his individual motivation to learn. Positive emotions, such as curiosity, generally enhance motivation and facilitate learning and performance. Mild anxiety can also enhance learning and performance by focusing the learners attention on a particular task.However, intense negative emotions (e. g. , anxiety, panic, rage, insecurity) and related thoughts (e. g. , worrying about competence, ruminating about failure, fearing punishment, ridicule, or stigmatising labels) generally detract from motivation, interfere with learning, and contribute to low performance (Evans, 2000). This could be seen during PAs recent Numeracy Level 1 National Test when he experienced mild anxiety, but was extremely motivated and positive about the experience and his ability and he passed first timeMotivation is, therefore, not a simple issue, since individual motives and action are strongly affected by where people are located (socially, culturally and spatially) and the constraints or incentives that operate on their choices (NIACE). PA blames his current lack of knowledge and qualifications in numeracy on his underachievement at educate. If we look more closely it becomes apparent that, because of his age, PA would have been attending school during the 1970s and 1980s.It was during this time that the early underachievement of boys first became evident, as large scale studies of childrens achievements at Primary school pointed to the fact that girls systematically out-performed boys (Myers, 2000). Therefore there was a shift away from public match about girls achievement to boys achievement, or underachievement, at school in exams. The concern about boys underachievement has been characterised in educational policy initiatives at national, local anesthet ic and school levels, most significantly in the imposition of the national literacy and numeracy strategy (Barrs and Pidgeon 1998).However, general onward motions in achievement are often ignored and gender differences are ascribed to the detrimental effects of the feminisation of teaching (Epstein et al, 1998). The concern for boys underachievement was highlighted by Murphy and Elwood (1998) who argued that improvement in female achievement is not shared out by girls from low socio-economic backgrounds and may not be apparent in some subjects. Similarly, Epstein et al (1998) questioned the global application of the category of boys underachievement by asking, hich boys? At what stages of education? according to what criteria? We could say that by definition, gender roles are the social norms that dictate what is socially appropriate male and female behaviour (Tobias, 1997), and are part of the acculturation process of human beings. These roles are also influenced by each ind ividuals cultural and economic background (Tobias, 1997). It could be said that gender roles influence women and men in virtually every area of life, including family and occupation.This is certainly true for PA, who feels that it is his tariff to provide for his family and to have the greater earning capacity regardless of his lack of formal qualifications. Everyone recognises that there are significant differences between male and female, even if they are only physical. However, others see not only the physical but also the social, emotional and intellectual differences. In addition there is belief that, by the age of sixteen, females have matured more than boys by up to as much as two years (Skelton, 2001).This could mean that girls have an prefer by viewing exams in a far more amenable way and recognising the seriousness and importance of the academic and career choices in the future. PA agrees with this as he did not take his schooling seriously and, rather possibly due to the fact that PA knew he was underachieving and he was unmotivated, he left school at 16 with no formal qualifications. He has only recently started to regret his actions. The figures from the 1996 Gallup survey could also be utilize to illustrate this as more adult men (25%) are currently learning compare to adult women (21%).Now that he is within the adult education sector, PA appears to see learning numeracy as a process of liberation. This may be because PA now feels that the educational process is not static and that his learning is a cultural action for freedom. It no long-lasting involves one person teaching another, but rather people working with each other to ensure each individual reaches their potential. This was also the understanding of Bruner (1973), who suggested that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas base upon their current / past knowledge.Adult learners also appear to be more receptive to learning if there is a context to the l earning. Teaching adults mathematical skills which transfer means exposing students to different contexts which have the aforementioned(prenominal) mathematical content (Rees and Barr, 1984) e. g. electric work, decorating, shopping or linked to employment. This is certainly true for PA who works better, and appears to have a deeper understanding, when he can see there is a relevance and context to what he is learning.According to Bruner (1973), the teacher and student should engage in active dialogue and the task of the teacher is to translate information to be learned into a format appropriate to the learners current state of understanding. During numeracy there are so many ways of doing and explaining one thing, one example would be the various descriptions used for the actions of add and subtract, another example would be the various methods of teaching long multiplication.In addition, Bruner (1973) stated that the curriculum should be organised in a spiral manner, so that the student continually builds upon what they have already learned, The concept of prime numbers appears to be more readily grasped when the learner, through construction, discovers certain handfuls of beans cannot be laid out in completed rows and columns (Bruner, 1973). When working with PA, as for all my learners, I ensure that I question his current method and understanding of each numeric musical theme before I go into the topic in depth.This way I am constantly building on his current knowledge and understanding. A high percentage of the learners at Rochford Adult community of interests College are lily-white British and PA falls into this group, Rochford has one of the lowest ethnic nonage populations, well below half of the national average (Rochford District Council, 2005). However, according to the ingleside Offices Commission for Racial Equality, 2002, the United Kingdom is a changing society and these socio-economic changes are reflected in our growing cultural and ethni c diversity.These changes bring many gains, but sometimes there are tensions and divisions that may lead to fracturing within, and across, local areas and communities. However, whatever the nature of community divisions, the basis of the solution is often the same community cohesion. The Home Offices Commission for Racial Equality, 2002, suggests that community cohesion may be achieved by raising awareness and understanding and developing shared values with mutual trust and respect.The Home Office describes a sticky community as one where there is common vision, a wizard of belonging, where diversity is valued and where there are similar life opportunities with strong and positive relationships being developed between people from different backgrounds in colleges and in schools (www. homeoffice. gov. uk, 2003). This is also the ethos of Essex County Council and consequently Castle Point and Rochford Adult Community College (www. essexcc. gov. uk, 2005).

Strategic Analysis of the Uk Fast Food Industry

Business and steering St regularisegy BAM6012 A Strategic and Competitive Analysis of the UKs exuberant Food Indus purify Executive Summary The f be perseverance in the UK is a multi-billion pound indus refine that is mainly dominated by a few competitors such(prenominal) as McDonalds, Burger King, KFC and thermionic tube. Most of the nutrient sold in these speedy nutriment restaurants is unwellnessy, which is becoming a huge concern as there atomic number 18 some people dying of obesity and former(a) health related problems. This is one of the key social factors facing the ready nourishment market at the moment.The desist food indus discover is a red ocean as it is already well defined where argument is intense. It is as well a perfectly competitive industry as the barriers to entre ar low and there be many rivals each with like crops. Information about any of the competitors is freely easy. The industry does obligate a few characteristics of an oligopolistic i ndustry too as there is a oppose of companies that have the main market shargon and have proponent e rattlingplace the buyers and suppliers.The main features that crop a firms ability to fence and light upon positiveness depend on who their main competition is. For eccentric there are different strategic groups in the industry such as McDonalds and Burger King who compete at the top of the industry and iodin privately owned dissolute food retailer that compete on a much lower level with much smaller budgets. The node requirements are very low in this industry as a lot of the mathematical products sold by different firms are very equivalent however the requirement of a cheap and sporting meal is everlastingly at the top of their require.every potential strategy to profit favourableness deep down the industry provide need to be assessed properly and to realise the risks knotted and other potential threats to it. Table of contents Pg. Executive Summary 2 Introductio n 4 History of the disruptive food market. 4 menstruum market conditions 4 PESTEL analysis. 5 ushers tail fin Forces.. application attractiveness. 9 Opportunities 9 Threats 9 mathematical strategies. 10 Bibliography.. 11 Introduction This cut across aims to give a strategic and competitive analysis of the UKs truehearted food industry. It provide spinal column the main structural features of the industry that ferment competition and profitability. The saucyspaper publisher forget give an overview of the whole industry rather than good one guild within it.I shall also aim to analyse the industry attractiveness demonstrate why possible companies would like to enter the marketplace. Another aim of the report is to analyse the competition and customer requirements in order to identify opportunities to gain a competitive advantage within the industry. The final aim of the report is to develop possible strategies to influence and improve on profitability. Whilst developi ng a strategy, the difficulties and risks involved in using these strategies will be covered. History of the turbulent food industry in the UKThe UK has embraced a lot of different types of spendthrift food over the years, ranging from pizza to burgers, kebabs to Chinese, curry to fish & chips and healthy supplyings. in that respect is a lot of competition in the market at bequest with mellow profile companies such as McDonalds, Subway, Burger King, and KFC, not to mention the descend of privately owned single store fast food outlets. Current market conditions The nurse of the fast food market in the UK grew by 3. 3% in 2011 to reach a total value of $7,860. 3 million. The forecast for the market value is stria to increase to $9,147 million by 2016.This is an increase of 16. 4% by 2011. Transactions in the fast food market also grew in 2011 by 1% to reach a total volume of 2,785. 2 million transactions. The market volume is set to increase by 6. 8% by 2016 to a total of 2,9 75. 4 million transactions. profligate Food Industry indite The United nation 2012, Fast Food Industry Profile United Kingdom, pg 1-35, Business line of descent Premier, EBSCO host, viewed 25/11/2012 PESTLE analysis PESTLE analysis will swear out to capture understanding about aspects of the context by using the prompts political, scotch, sociological, technological, profound and environmental.It is a technique that facilitates a wide s flock of the context and demonstrable or potential factors that would affect objectives if left unmanaged. (Webster-Murray, R. 2010. pg. 88) Political factors * There is an increase amount of pressure from the government to encourage people to eat healthier as the number of deaths relating to obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle is on the increase year after year. * The government can allocate grants to business start-ups to try and raise fair competition within the marketplace. There is speculation over the government introducing a new fat tax on fast food served over a counter. This will add on some other 20% to the original price in taxes. http//www. guardian. co. uk/society/2012/may/16/fat-tax-unhealthy-food-effect Economic factors * Consumers will have less disposable income with the current economic climate and thereof may be less likely to run money on fast food as it may be seen as a luxury. * Exchange rates may affect profitability on the business if they are sourcing materials (all the ingredients used to shit their food) from out position the UK. Unemployment levels are soaring at the moment in the UK which office there will be even much consumers without the money to purchase fast food. The current unemployment rate shortly sits at 7. 8%. http//www. ons. gov. uk/ons/key-figures/index. html * The inflation rate is at 2. 2% currently in the UK. This does not pose a problem as businesses will not be phased by this to expend more than and grow. http//www. bbc. co. uk/ news program/business-19959827 S ociocultural factors * The current social trend of eat healthy and having a healthy lifestyle is pushing customers away from eat at fast food restaurants. With London just hosting the Olympic Games in the summer of 2012 then a lot of people are assay to start a much healthier diet and lifestyle for themselves, therefore cutting back on the amount of fast food they currently eat. * The high standard of education in the UK means that children are more aware and k todayledgeable about the health implications that arise from eating fast food. * With the current fast paced lifestyle that a lot of consumers have, it is easy for them to just pick up food at a fast food outlet rather than cook for themselves.This shows that fast food can be seen as convenient. * Companies moldiness try and add value to their brand by being reasonably priced and of an equal quality in relation to the price. * Consumers already have a astronomic variety of choice within the fast food market therefore a poster should also offer a lot of choice so that the customer can be comfortable and their ever changing taste can be satisfied too. * The fast paced lifestyle of consumers means that the service of fast food must also match that and be quick too. * Healthy options must be made available as to encourage a balanced diet. proficient factors * Fast food companies now have a wide range of tools available to them in order to promote their brand and products. Different ways they can do this is through the use of TV, radio, internet, direct mail, interactive billboards and many other options. * Companies can now use the internet not just to promote their brand but also to take orders and let the customer rack up transactions. This can be helpful to lower the cost of using employees. * Technological advances mean it is easier for a beau monde to keep track of stock levels and also take orders in store.This minimises the risk of human error. Environmental factors * Companies in the fast f ood industry now need to monitor the amount of boast they dispose of as there is a lot of emphasis now on cutting down the amount of waste and dramaing it into utile and reusable products. Businesses are now turning to recyclable packing. * The amount of cipher that is consumed in the process of making the fast food and where all the efficacy comes from to agencyfulness a fast food outlet. Can be seen as a good ethical policy to use or create off shore wind farms that force out outlets. Legal factors Have to tholepin to a law that means they cannot mislead consumers on the nutritional value of their products. * Companies have to abide by certain health and safety laws for both the employees and the customers. * Other laws that a business will have follow are laws on employment, fair competition and food hygiene. Through the use of a PESTLE analysis we can see that there are many factors that affect the UKs fast food industry. Most of these factors arise in the sociocultural section as it is here that the fast food industry gains most of its unwanted attention.This is mainly down to the fact that the foods served by the companies are mainly unhealthy, carrying lots of calories, salt and sugars. gatekeepers Five Forces Model In 1980, Michael Porter came up with a model that identified five forces that have an influence on an industry. This model focuses on five forces that shape competition within an industry (1) the risk of portal by potential competitors (2) the intensity of disputation among established companies within an industry (3) the bargaining power of buyers (4) the bargaining power of suppliers and (5) the closeness of substitutes to an industrys products. (Hill, C. W. L, Jones, G. L. 2010, pg. 42) Threat of New Entrants * Low barriers to entry mean that it is easy for a company to start up a business in the fast food industry. However would be futile to compete directly with the heroic organisations already in the market. * Easy for a new entrant to differentiate their product and atmosphere of the outlet (shop). * erstwhile a good location is found then it could run across the achievement of a new entrant. Could be possible to dominate the market in a certain location. Capital investment is not too high or out of reach for most individuals. Bargaining Power of Suppliers * Companies in the fast food industry could change their suppliers quite easily as there are a lot of suppliers that would be happy to go through the amount of revenue they could gain from using such a large company as Burger King or McDonalds. * The larger companies in the fast food industry have a lot of bargaining power over their suppliers as they could make up a very large proportion of the suppliers revenue, if not all of it. Bargaining Power of Buyers Due to the bare volume of customers that purchase fast food, the bargaining power of the buyer is low. For example, a customer could barter with a butchers market conk about the price o f meat whereas they could not walk into a Subway store and negotiate the price of a sandwich down to their preferable amount. The price shown is the price that will be paid. * Only bargaining power the customer has is the lack of switching costs. A customer could purchase from a McDonalds instead of Subway without costing them anything. Threat of substitutes The threat of substitute products is very high as firstly the lack of switching costs means that a customer could change preferences and purchase from another company at a time as long as it fitted their standard of quality and price. * The market is currently flooded with products that are all very similar (McDonalds burgers are in theory the same as Burger King) therefore a new product could arise and sell particularly well as long as it had a good taste and quality. Rivalry among Existing Firms * Rivalry is high in the current market as top firms such as McDonalds and Burger King compete for the highest market share.Due to the sheer size of these companies they can extend heavily on advertising and use aggressive tactics to ensure success. * Constant funds are being ploughed into advertising to try and promote not just the products companies offer but also to try and promote their brand. For example, McDonalds now tries to show more on the ethical side of the company saying that all of their ingredients are sourced locally. Through the use of Porters Five Forces model, we can see that the threat of substitutes, rivalry among quick firms and threat of new entrants to the market are moderate to high.Whereas the bargaining power of both suppliers and buyers are relatively low. This shows that the companies in the market currently have a lot of power. Industry attractiveness * Massive industry worthy $7,860. 3 billion. * Huge volume of transactions at 2,785. 2 billion. * olive-sized market share can still mean high revenue. * curtain raising to create a large and global company similar to that of McD onalds. * surmisal to run a franchise business model. * Has a very unsubtle market segment. * Could be a good industry in a recession as consumers cut down spending on eating at more high-priced restaurants. Industry is predicted to continue growing. Opportunities There are many opportunities and threats that arise from the use of the PESTLE analysis and Porter Five Forces model such as 1. Due to the current unemployment rate of 7. 8% this means that large companies such as McDonalds could use this to their advantage and exonerated a number of new stores to create new jobs and in turn create more revenue for the industry. This could conjure the image of the industry as it is helping the nation out by creating jobs in this time of economic downturn. . As consumers have less disposable income then they will be less likely to eat out at more expensive restaurants and may turn to fast food outlets as they are cheaper. This is a great opportunity to advertise heavily on a menu that is less expensive than the normal menu. For example creating a meal that scarce costs the consumer ? 2. This should attract a lot of potential customers to spend more in the fast food industry. 3. Differentiate the industry by offering healthier foods on a whole to gain the interest of the health conscious consumers.This would increase the volume of the industry. Threats 1. If an outbreak of foot and mouth illness or BSE (mad cow disease) were to arise then consumers would not be purchasing any type of beef which would mean a downturn in the amount of revenue gained by the fast food industry. 2. Any type of negative feedback from the media would shine an unwanted spotlight on the fast food industry. For example, if someone were to find a hair in their burger at a fast food outlet then it might influence customers to eat elsewhere.Strategies to influence industry structure and improve industry profitability * Create new menus that will offer healthy food to the consumer. This will engage with a new target audience and therefore enhance the volume of transactions the industry already has. The amount of revenue pull in by the industry will also increase. This will lead to new competitors in the market place offering a different product type and increase the amount of competition amongst the already competing firms. * Companies could vertically commingle in order to gain control over the production of the ingredients that it needs to create the foods.This would be risky for some businesses as the vast legal age of their expertise is in the retailing of fast food. Conclusion Overall, the fast food industry is a highly competitive industry that is dominated by a few main players. The main features that influence competition are the changing tastes of the customer and their willingness to try other fast food outlets. lucrativeness is not only based now on the products that a company sells but also the way in which the customer perceives the ethical set of a c ompany.Although the requirements of a customer needing a cheap meal at a fast pace is still high on their order of business of needs. For a company to survive and improve upon its current position in the marketplace it should think about different strategies such as increase (new products or different areas) differentiation and vertical integration. Bibliography * Fast Food Industry Profile The United Kingdom 2012, Fast Food Industry Profile United Kingdom, pg 1-35, Business Source Premier, EBSCO host, viewed 25/11/2012 * Murray-Webster, R. (2010) Management of risk focus for practitioners.The stationery office Norwich * Dennis Campbell (2012) Fat Tax on unhealthy food must raise prices by 20% to have effect says study. (01/12/2012) http//www. guardian. co. uk/society/2012/may/16/fat-tax-unhealthy-food-effect * Office for national statistics (2012) Key figures. (02/12/2012) http//www. ons. gov. uk/ons/key-figures/index. html * BBC (2012) UK inflation rate slows to 2. 2% in Septem ber, ONS says. (01/12/2012) http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-19959827 * Hill, C. W. L & Jones, G. L. (2010) Strategic Management an integrated approach. Cengage learning USA

Hugo Cabret Movie vs. Book

In The Invention of Hugo Cabret vs. Hugo, the element of display case relationships in the tidings and the pictorial matter argon developed very differently. One example of this would be the addition of completely new characters in the movie that were non in the book at all. The director, Martin Scorsese, creates new characters, which add and build upon the relationships and add side of meat stories to the plot line. Instead of cutting some of the plot as adaptations ordinarily do, the film actually added additional story lines (Lee).He adds the characters in the train pose with the dachshunds that create a romantic vignette in the movie that was not in the book. The director also creates the girl at the flower patronise that ends up in a romantic relationship with the Station Inspector. In addition, the relationship between the Station Inspector and Hugo differed as the Inspector is ofttimes more present in the movie than in the book. There are more scenes depicting the Sta tion Inspector chasing Hugo in the movie for hammy effect. Scorsese also adds drama by including the Station Inspectors menacing dog in the chase scenes.Specific to the movie, the Inspector has a metal prosthetic leg, which provides a photograph that he seems to be overcompensating for with his intimidating exterior. The character differences between the book and the movie could be due to the desire of the director wanting to add his experience insight and personal elements to the story rather than using Brian Selznicks literal interpretation. Since the media forms of books and film have different interpretive elements they must be presented differently.For instance, in the movie Scorsese adds more dramatic effects by providing additional character relationships and plotlines. Also, since the movie is targeted towards all audiences, he includes the element of romance with his character relationships in order to appeal to the adult audience. Another character relationship to be n oted would be the relationship between Hugo and the golem. Even though it is an breathtaking object, Hugo clearly forms a relationship with this machine as it is the only ruin of his father he has left.Hugo is very determined to repair the zombie as he believes his father may have left him a meat through it, which gives him hope and the desire to fix it. Hugo takes great care of the automaton and in the film he carries it like a baby because he cares for it so much. Since his fathers death, Hugo has been left with no family therefore the automaton almost becomes his family as it meant so much to his father. Both appealing in their own forms of media, the book The Invention of Hugo Cabret and the movie Hugo have several contrastive elements, which provide unique depictions of the same story.

Employee Relations Essay

In various occupancy organizations, we go out that, numerous employees ar neglected and be most a lot demoralized, not motivated in performing their duties in the particular organisation, and then encouraging a poor employee traffic, but in the unify land, many businesses are flourishing, since they seduce set up an modifyd agreement that tends to come up with factors that makes the firm to bum a frequent and signifi fecest acknowledgment of its employees, thus enhancing a good employee relations. The factors that are known to be most potent in the shaping of these employee relations in the United Kingdom are as fol grimsCommunication In this case, we find that, most tutors come up with a system to re-examine the mental process of their employees. This system normally, include a precise communication system that brings an down the stairsstanding between the employees and the steering squad, under which, the employees seem to appreciate the dogmas on which the y are assessed thus, encouraging justice and fair to middling opportunities in the organisation. The firms have an established internal coordination system and structure this is commonly a practical cooperation that helps to build stronger relationships among the employees.Thus there is the recognition of distributively employees contributions. In a firm either department has employees with various skills that are required at polar fictional characters. Therefore, the managers bring all these skills together, so that the firms objectives are achieved, and therefore, each employee is meant to understand what these objectives are, and how the different skills and functions within the firm are to contribute in achieving the goals of having a better employee relations, therefore they should know why they need to support each others efforts. MotivationThe success of an organisation basically, depends on the employees using their full skills and knowledge in their production, there fore, these employees require motivation, and this motivation can be done in different ways and by different things. The employee Motivation in the United Kingdom normally involves, the compensation system which is the activity of giving the employees what they really want most from work, it therefore makes the manager, get his expectations from the employees, this expectations whitethorn include production of quality goods and services.Motivation will enable the employees to have their goals in the organisation achieved they will have a despotic perspective on their position in the organisation. Motivation also creates the bewitch to throw and build employees self-esteem and capacity to work. The managers have the responsibility of inspire workers, when the organizational structure is experiencing sorts, and in this case, we find that the manager comes up with a plan that is used to define the environmental factors that brings an atmosphere of integrity, honesty, and confiden ce to the employees. under(a) this, the managers plan considers the factors that motivate the employees this involves the determination of the of the essence(p) factors to the employee in his working life, and how they extend to to his productivity. He also finds out what motivates the employees in their work, this is a situation where, we find most employees wanting a privileged compensation, an enhanced working environment, and ductile derives from the amount of work that they do.This is always done by, asking them during the performance assessment, lieu inspection, and is also retrieved from informal discussion on what the employees want most from their jobs. On the other hand, the managers also spot the de-motivating factors of the organisation to the employees these factors may be animal(prenominal) factors which include buildings or equipment or psychological factors such as monotony, injustice, barriers to onward motion and lack of appreciation which normally affects t he employee relations in an organisation.Since most workers in the United Kingdom claim to be working for money, and that their extreme benefit is encouragement under this, money is always regarded to be a low motivator, and that it is only a short time motivator, after(prenominal) a prink is given to the employees salary, so the managers are always aware that benefits given after a particular performance rarely motivate their employees to use their probable effectively, most of the employees say that, the benefits are only used to motivate the rude(a) employees in the organisation but not the existing ones.Change heed Poor employee relations is normally said to be a principal factor to a change in an organizations performance therefore most managers have been seen adopting a policy for managing changes within their organizations. In this case, we find that the presentation of this change is always meant to be motivating to the employees, since it is always used as an entry to the firms better achievement of its goals.To achieve a positive change in an organisation in the UK, the managers do not tell or instruct the employees, this does not help, but it only creates ignorance to the doubts and expectations of the employees, therefore the management team in an organization carry out discussions, by means of which the sharing of a particular problem helps in the creation of a better actions in dealing with the issues that are predicted to affect the productivity of the firm, due to the shared ideas and ending making processes derived from the open discussions, the employees are able to realize a change in the organizational performance.Changes in any organisation in the United Kingdom, normally involve skill, where the managers are able to know the learning capabilities of every employee in the organisation. Under this, one finds that his employees are categorized as follows activists the manager may find that some of his employees like involving themse lves in new ideas, problems, or opportunities meaning that, they do not like being impartial, Theorists, this is the category of learners, who are always comfortable with ideas they do not cull involving themselves deeply without a reason.The other category is that of reflectors they like taking time to think through things, thus they do not like being forced to move from one thing to other rashly and lastly the pragmatists they normally prefer to be linked between issues and their job description. Therefore, the manager is always in a position to deal with his employees who have different learning preferences and approaches, who may also respond differently to diverse situations affecting the organisation.In this learning process the manager is expected to give feedback, that plays a major role in motivating the employees, thus he should not leave the employees dig the progress of their accomplishments, therefore, the managers always give adequate and accurate information on the development. Employee Recognition This is another factor that the employers put into consideration for the organisation to make better its employee relations, this is basically a communication instrument, which strengthens and compensates the most significant production that the employees have created for the organisation.The recognition structure is always made simple, instant, and effectively supportive to the employees relations and the organisation at large. Under this, the management team ensures that a principle for performance is established, involving the rewardable behaviour of the employees thus all of them are entitled to the recognition by the employer. This recognition supplies the employees with specific information about the behaviour they are being rewarded for. The management therefore, states that any employee who performs at a specified take receives a reward.Basically recognition occurs hand in hand with performance of the employees, thus it reinforces the emp loyees encouragement and thus improving the workforce relations. socialization This is another factor that is most influential in the employee relations in an organisation, flori civilization basically means, the environment surrounding an employee at work. In the United Kingdom we find that, culture is meant to shape the relationship of an employee and his work in an organisation. Culture represents an employees personality that carries principles, attitude, fundamental interests, knowledge, background, and behaviour that creates a persons behaviour.Culture is particularly inclined by the organizations management team due to the roles in decision making and strategic complaint they impose in the organisation. We find the managers put in mind that culture is learned, thus employees are capable of learning how to perform, employees value rewards that are not associated with behaviours, since they have different needs, shared rewards from co-workers or have their most important nee ds met in their departments or project teams.

Odyssey and O Brother Essay

Thus, we find the modern photographic film photo of the troubles of a man during the depression is molded by the ancient struggles of Odysseus in Homeris Odyssey. Specifi mobilizey, ternary par anyels surface in the discussion of the akin(predicate)ities betwixt Homeris classic heroic poem and iO Brother Where finesse gram? The cyclops encounter for instance, is transcendent between two works. Furthermore, separately account state custodyt contains a comparable perspective of the lotus Eaters. Finally, the strongest parallel between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where art Thou? i is the transcendental call of the Sirens and the powers of the captivate goddess Circe. The Cyclops encounter is transcendent between both works. The Cyclops, in the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i has obvious physical traits that connect the cardinal pieces of work. The Cyclops in each study is a large man, who provided has superstar eye.One website describe the Cyclopes race as, ia rough and uncivilised race of one-eyed giants. i(Spark notes p1) Odysseus describe the giant as, i A surpassing man who slept in his cave alone, and took his flocks to graze afieldremote from all companions, knowing none but savage ways, a brute so huge. i(Wilkie p378) The encounter of the Cyclops shows a great similarity in both of these stories. Odysseus, the main nature of the iOdysseyi and Ulysses, the main character of iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i be taken from of state of tranquility and savagely attacked.As draw by Odysseus, iSo there all day, until the sun went down, we made our feast on meat galore, and wine. i(p 377) This quote describes Odysseus and his men relaxing and enjoying a feast. Quite similar in iO Brother Where Art Thou,i Ulysses was enjoying a picnic when the savage Cyclops attacked him. When Ulysses and Odysseus were about to enjoy a peaceful day they ar overtaken by the Cyclops either imprisoned or robbed. Both Ulysses and Odysseus mentality of a warrior allows them to fight back and eventually defeat the Cyclops.In each story an attempt to blind the creature offers a distraction for each character to escape from the Cyclops. Secondly, each story contains a similar perspective of the lotus Easters. When you eat the intoxicating fruit of the lotus, as described in the Odyssey, the model of home, purpose of voyage, and memories of the past are no longer important. Odysseus and his men go at the land of the Lotus-Eaters and become addicted and drawn to the fruit. They are so leered to the fruit, that it becomes a mindless obsession. iO Brother, Where Art Thou? becomes parallel to the story of the Lotus-Eaters when Ulysses and his men are baptized. Websteris dictionary defines baptism as, ithe Christian sacrament of sin and dispositionual conversion as a Christian. i Both the iOdysseyi and iO Brother Where Art Thou? i describe a rebirth and new thinking. The things of the past are no longer important. Rebirth of the soul and becoming filled with the spirit are identical to the intoxication of the fruit. Therefore, the producers of iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i are describing baptisms as a new beginning and new thought, then examine it to the lotus eaters of the iOdyssey.Finally, the strongest parallel between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i is the mystical call of the Sirens and the powers of the witch-goddess Circe. This parallel is the strongest element of comparison because it is very similar how each story describes the Sirens. Odysseus is told in the iOdyssey,i iSquare in your shipis path are the Sirens, crying witness to bewitch men coasting by. i (p 421) Both Ulysses and Odysseus use wax to vitiate the Sirens. Ulysses hair smelling of wax, (hair wax) and Odysseus instructing his men to put wax in their ears is decorous to avoid the Sirens seductive song in each story.Avoiding the Sirens allows both Ulysses and Odysseus to stay put on their purpose of journey, to get home . Another striking similarity is the witch goddess of Circe. In the iOdyssey,i Circe turns one of Odysseus men into a pig. Parallel to the Homeric epic, one of Ulysses men was supposedly turned into a frog. These two strong parallels ticker up an obvious influence of Homeric work in iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i The movie iO Brother Where Art Thou? i is strikingly similar to Homeris iOdyssey,i in both plot and character description.Specifically, three parallels surface in the discussion of the similarities between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i The Cyclops encounter for instance, is transcendent between both works. Furthermore, each story contains a similar perspective of the Lotus Eaters. Finally, the strongest parallel between the iOdysseyi and iO Brother, Where Art Thou? i is the mystical call of the Sirens and the powers of the witch-goddess Circe. Thus, we find the modern film depiction of the trouble of a man during the depression is being shaped by the anci ent struggles of Odysseus in Homeris iOdyssey.

Public Services level

We had our induction to the physical fittingness education by doing a fitness test which tested our fitness before we started our fitness scheduleme to enamor where we were at tenets tonic and for the test I did it in 19. 30 proceeding which wasnt that good at the epoch. So we started the program and firstly in our free radical we started doing speed tree trunk work which was fine, it did snuff it tough in both(prenominal) of the exercises we did mainly because we tried to do often only when luckily we didnt get every injuries so we carried on with it and with that I noticed improvements in my hurrying soundbox strength within that period of two workweeks. as well as was working at that era so I would mother g bingle In the gym to a greater extent times but I could due to that but in addition because of where I work and the apartment I work In, youre having to constantly produce let on cages and p in allets, the cages can constrict up to keg and the pallets can weigh to keg and above and that in addition helped as well with Improving my clay strength and fitness as well so that also helped. The strengths of this was that my upper berth clay strength has improved and that I am able to do the same exercises quicker. And that I relieve unrivaledself got a recrudesce muscle exposition now to my arms and shoulders now.The weaknesses of this was that I wasnt able to come in whatever to a greater extent due to engagements with work and also course work and rugger training. in like manner I was getting very fatigued with my upper body and I was getting the occasional strain which affected my performance at work and col offshoote. Improvements and changes to the fitness program the improvements that I would compel to the training program would be that I would Increase the frequency of the exercises such as do It much times a week If the time Is available to do so and that I would also add In more exercises to do to get the full be nefit of the training to Improve the upper body strength.Overall I would add In more Interval training and credibly also swimming as it helps your whole body. Week 3 and 4 we were doing lower body and complication training with this I didnt notice much difference to my lower body strength. In my opinion the lower body exercises were harder to do than the upper body exercises because you couldnt fit in much var. to it so you were having to mainly do the same exercise everywhere and over but overall it wasnt too bad and we got used to it over time and I noticed boor improvements overall such as better definition and strength overall. nevertheless the one involvement I did notice was that I was constantly having to score help at work with pulling the cages fall out of the w ar house u to leg fatigue and also during the leg exercises I kept on straining my groin and once I strained hamstring In my right leg. The strengths of doing this was that I got a minor Improvement In leg st rength and also better leg tone. The weaknesses of this was that I was constantly straining my groin whilst doing the leg exercises which was very annoy and that I wish I got more out of this.Also that I was having to gravel to leg fatigue and also straining my groin. Improvements and changes to the training program the commission I would open changes to the lower body training would be that I loud add more variety and I would do more exercises because when I was doing the program I was doing the same exercises over and over and it got mixture of boring, so I would add in other exercises such as squat thrusts and also I would add in sit ups.Week 5 and 6 we were doing cardiac vascular fitness and of which I thought I got quite an a potbelly out of it fitness wise and I noticed difference within my cardiac vascular fitness whilst doing any kind of fitness. With improving my cardiovascular fitness there is a treat of variety which makes it not boring because youre constantly do ing different activities which makes it interesting and doesnt make you lose focus as easily And plus you can do fitness like farther and interval training on a public field which is easy enough.What I would change well I wouldnt change much to the fitness program itself but I would pronounce to space it out more evenly and not put it all in so closely and I would also do more training the next time I was going to do the fitness program which would improve my overall fitness a potty more. But the one thing I do lack a bevy of is stamina, say that you are physically fit but you get out of breath quickly but youre till able to carry one though.The strengths of the fitness program was that over the two weeks my fitness did improve quite a lot which means that I was able to keep up with my rugby colleagues whilst at training doing touch rugby and other activities. The weaknesses of this program was that I didnt do enough fitness during the week outside of college so I didnt get the m aximum out of it but if I had make fitness outside of college I would have become a lot fitter and would have been able to do a lot more fitness wise but I did get a lot fitter from the fitness program.The shutdown of the tenets program, after the 6 weeks of training upper body, lower body and cardiovascular fitness training I have found noticeable differences/improvements in all areas that I trained. Since starting the fitness program I was back into rugby training and I have started playing again which is all good and I think if it wasnt for the 6 week training program I think I wouldnt have been able to cope with the needs of rugby. At the end of the sixer week training program we had a fitness test which was the same as the one we did at the start of the test, when I first did the testI did it in 19 minutes 30 heartbeats and when I did it the second time at the end of the fitness program I finished it in 16 minutes 30 seconds which is a huge difference than when the first time I did it which shows that my overall fitness and strength has improved which is a good thing because thats what I set out to achieve which is a good thing. Also whilst doing the fitness program I have been taken off one of my inhalers for my asthma which is very good which means that my asthma is going and also once it all goes I should have a better materialise to get into other public services ouch as the navy.Targets for the future my targets are that I would go swimming, even though Im not the best of swimmers I can improve and with swimming its improves your whole body muscular wise and improves your fitness a lot and as I got approached by Cleveland second team players saying that I should play for them at the beginning of the mod season and they said I probably would be playing at blindside flanker for them and I Just think thats brilliant but I would have to get lot fitter to do so. Also I will be planning to start boxing training again to get myI know the owner he wo uld probably make me exercise like a dog and when I have well-kept time during the week or preferably in the morning I would possibly go on runs and set a benchmark time and each week I would try and improve it every week then getting onto a certain time. Http//www. Swimming. Org/swimsuit/why-swimming-needs- to-be-part-of-your-lifestyle/ Conclusion In this piece of work I have evaluated my performance in the six week training programming and have included my strengths and weaknesses and also I have talked about before and after the training program and whats happened since then.

Contemporary Realistic Fiction Essay

The genre that I will be bowing is Contemporary Realistic Fiction. The project idea that I chose for my genre was the topic of the sensitive issue of end and how it is treated and written in literature. To discuss the issue about death and dying the melodic theme will include obtains that focus on the following subjects. The original creation what the understanding or impression of the child be after knowledge or having the paroles read to them. The next being how the stories treat the issue of death and what lessons they could have learned in helping them cope.Another would be the oppugn of if the maintains treat the subject the same way and if not, I will liken the soak uppoints amongst the books. The books will be discussed both in individual and collective soma so as to provide a true and fair view of the information which ar presented in these books. Thus far, I have lay out a few titles that I believe will help me to present my topic. The first being Bridge To T erabithia by Katherine Paterson, which is the story of depressed and maddened fifth grader Jess Aarons, who becomes mavens with his new outgoing, tomboy neighbor Leslie Burke.The two lonely children realise a magical forest kingdom together that they call Terabithia. The book comes to a tragic end when Leslie falls into a creek and drowns. The lesson that I got out of reading this book was that Jesse could only overcome his distress with the intensity and courage that his friendship with Leslie had given him. The next book I chose was a picture book called Jims Dog Muffins by Miriam Cohen. Jim is a first grader who has been having a hard time since his dog Muffins died. At school, he becomes black when his classmates dont seem to understand how he feels.Until his new friend Paul comes along and helps him feel better. This could show the aspect of how having people rough to help you get through with(predicate) a loved ones, or in this case a loved dogs, death is precise cruc ial and can have very positive effects. The next book I have chosen to include thus far is called moon around Pie by Mason Simon. Moon Pie has a cute and fun over-correct that would lead you to believe it is a humorous and light book. However, this little book actually has a bit of a serious story line. That said, it is a tender little book about a family going through hard times.Marthas mother has died prior to the storys beginning. Her beatific father has always been eccentric, nevertheless his oddities are increasing. Martha wonders if he might be going a little bit crazy due to his grief over the loss of her mother, and it turns out she is partially correct. In fact, she learns that he is an alcoholic. She and her brother are taken away from their dad and given to their grandparents, where they are rise cared for, but miss their dad terribly. This books ending is realistic, but a happy one overall which can show children that are currently in the grieving stage that things can get better.

JET2 Task 4. Findings on Competition Bikes, Inc. Essay

Costing MethodThe traditional be method acting is a dispersal of manufacturing smash-up be to the actual products manufactured. By using this method the manufactorys in direct speak to be assigned, on a exfoliation of volume, to the items manufactured (Averkamp, 2013). This may include items such as the direct hours of toil or the number of hertzs produced.This volume metric, however, is not the whimsical factor for manufacturing overhead expenses in fact this method is designed more(prenominal) for departmental focus. It digest also be very inaccurate as there is secondary to no relations between the actual be and the activity these cost are being signed to. This method often causes inaccuracies. It is in the societys best interest to switch, as many companies are doing, to an activity-based be arranging.Activity-based costing trunk volition be used to identify the cost of competitor Bikes, Inc.s activities and services based on actual consumption. This system c onsists of four steps in order to build its cost register. First, disceptation Bikes, Inc. essential recognize activities guesstimate their overall costs. Second, the cost driver must be estimated for each activity and d mavin so on the founding of the overall quantity of the drivers allotment. Third, contention Bikes, Inc. must manoeuvre how often of the costs should be distributed to each activity. Fourth, costs must be distributed to the cost object.Although this method is time consuming and costly the activity-based costing method provide generally earn this money back plus virtually as it has a a great deal more precise prognosis of the countervail costs that are related with each activity. This system often generates more overheads into direct costs hence compared to the traditional costing method. It is believed by transposition from a traditional costing system to an activity-based costing system, Competition Bikes, Inc. will gain greater knowledge and be able to define the driving forces and costs of the products being manufactured.According to the overhead analysis, while using the traditional costing method the si models costs $713 per social unit of measurement and the CarbonLite models costs $1,359 per unit. on a lower floor the activity-based costing method si models cost $656 per unit to produce and CarbonLite models cost $1,460 per unit. This shows us the difference in the two costing methods.Traditional costing method over-valued the costs of Titanium bicycles and under-valued the costs of CarbonLite bikes, which is apparent when looking at the activity-based costing method. Again due to the way activity-based costing method breaks devour the activities and allocates each one, this method is much more accurate than that of the traditional.Competition Bikes, Inc. piece of tail now analyze these costs and look for ways to improve operational results now that the costs throw away been broken devour and allocated to different activities. utilise the activity based costing method the CarbonLite models is at a much higher rate than that of the traditional costing method yet the Titanium models have the opposite affect as the innate product costs are lower using the activity based costing system than that of traditional costing methods.Prices vary greatly between the two bike models, which were not seen before under the traditional costing method. The company should be able to now evaluate these costs and find ways in which they butt lower them to get them more in line with one another.As stated above the activity-based costing method also captures Competition Bikes, Inc. to simply identify pas seuls in product costs and pin presage the variation directly to the source. This suffices the company keep control ofthe companys costs and expenses. This assists in keeping profits relatively steadily.The current operations endure also be improved by implementing a just-in-time inventory anxiety system. Th is is where the company only buys the materials that it needs to produce the units that are actually sold. This cuts down on dollars that are tied-up in inventory held in raw materials inventory. This is a considerable gist for Competition Bikes, Inc. and will be lowered hugely as fewer materials are placed in raw materials.This will be billed in the same month in which they are produced creating fewer dollars to be tied up in inventory. This will then be converted to cash to be used as workings capital.Breakeven PointAccording to Investopedia the breakeven point is the point at which gains equal losses. For Competition Bikes, Inc. achieving the breakeven point is a leap in the right direction. This will allow them to be one step closer to being a gainful business. Here we will analyze the gross revenue units and the gross trades dollars of the Titanium and CarbonLite bike models in order to configure the breakeven point.In order to construct the breakeven point we must use th e weight average portion circumference. This is calculated by dividing the combined contribution margin (gross revenue price per unit subtracted by the inconsistent cost per unit) by the fall gross gross revenue mix-in units. The contribution margin per unit is equal to $221 for the Titanium models and $111 for the CarbonLite models. Now we multiply these numbers by the total gross sales mix-in units to reach the contribution margin. The total contribution margin ($127,200) is split by the total sales mix-in units (700) in order to receive a weight average contribution margin of $181.71.At breakeven the total contribution margin subtracted by the dogged costs will equal 0. The sales units multiplied by the weight average contribution margin equals the fixed cost. From the data given the estimated fixed costsis $400,000. The fixed costs dual-lane by the weight average contribution margin of $181.71 can help Competition Bikes, Inc. determine the breakeven point of 2,201 sales units.Now Competition Bikes, Inc. can calculate sales units and sales dollars with these numbers calculated. By parting the sales at the breakeven point by the product mix-in does this. Competition Bikes, Inc. must sale 1,415 Titanium and 786 CarbonLite models in order to hit their breakeven point and gain profitability.The sales dollars at the breakeven point are computed by multiplying the breakeven sales units by the sales price per unit. This equals $1,273,584 for Titanium and $1,175,314 for CarbonLite models giving us a overall amount of $2,448,899.Breakeven Analysis ChangeWe will now discuss how the changes in direct materials and fixed costs to the take facility based on an evaluation of cost-volume-profit will affect the breakeven analysis.If the costs of direct materials increased by 10%, Competition Bikes, Inc. will notice a change in the breakeven point as the variable costs would then increase from $679 per unit to $709 per unit for the Titanium models and $1,384 per unit to $1,451 per unit for the CarbonLite models. Because the variable cost per unit has changed so will the contribution margin per unit.This will have a man-sized decrease on both the Titanium and the CarbonLite models as Titanium bikes would have a contribution margin of $191 per unit and CarbonLite bikes would also have a contribution margin to $44 per unit.We then multiply these changes by the sales mix in values. The contribution margin for the Titanium bikes is $85,950 and $11,000 for the CarbonLite bikes. This gives Competition Bikes, Inc. a total contribution margin of $96,950.The weight average contribution margin is now calculated by dividing the contribution margin of $96,815 by 700 the total number of sales mix-in units. This totals to $138.5. Before the 10% increase this number was much higher at $181.71.If Competition Bikes, Inc. added $50,000 in the fixed costs towards the production facility, changes would occur in the sales units at the breakeven point. The calcu lation would be $450,000 compared to $400,000 dual-lane by the new weight average contribution margin of $138.5. This totals to 3,249 units. Titanium models would total 2,089 in sales units at the breakeven point and CarbonLite would total 1,160 sales units at the breakeven point. The total breakeven point in sales dollars now increases to $3,614,620. This is an particular(a) $1,165,721.Competition Bikes, Inc. would need to stay on top of these superfluous costs and in order to do so they must increase their sales each quarter. Based on direct materials increase of 10% and the surplus $50,000 in fixed costs, Competition Bikes, Inc. will need to manufacture 1,048 additional units in order to breakeven.ReferencesAverkamp, Harold. (2013). Accounting Coach. What is the Traditional Method used in Cost Accounting? Retrieved fromhttp//blog.accountingcoach.com/taditional-method-cost-accounting/Investopedia. (2013). Breakeven Point-BEP. Retrieved fromhttp//www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bre akevenpoint.aspJohnson, Rose. (2012). EHow Money. The Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/info_10040118_costvolumeprofit-cvp-analysis.htmlWikipedia. (2013). The Free Encyclopedia. Activity-based Costing. Retrievedfrom http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-based_costing

National Museum of Anthropology

Armageddon, judgment day, doomsday, annihilationdark as they whitethorn be in connotation, these are the terms umpteen nation accord with 21st December 2012. In anticipation, astrologists, scientists, and media men have foreshadowed the near futurity with a catastrophic picture of the earths end. As quantify approaches, public obsession on the earths destruction continues to spread, leaving us to our own interpretations and causing panic to the general public, including of course the stock sector. As the day draws near, people question themselves how they should prepare for the destruction.Undoubtedly, many ghostlike followers leave behind form big crowds in churches and houses of worship to introduce for Gods mercy. At the same time, computer programmers whitethorn commemorate this phenomenon as another Y2K in the making, thus backing up files and creating new-made programs seem rational at this point. Moreover, some governments have already enunciate concern on the iss ue, and pushed some efforts to prevent disaster. However, in the midst of all(a) these, it is equally wise to consider pondering on the phenomenon with skepticism. This way, we could come up with a good judgment of whether to believe the prodigy or not.The 2012 madness started with the observation that the 13th Baktun of the Mayan foresightful Count calendar, to a fault referred to as the Aztec calendar, ends on 12-21-2012, a winter solstice (Soveign 2008 promised land n. d. Cooper n. d. ). The calendar which is carved on the Aztec sun rock-and-roll is currently on exhibit in the bailiwick Museum of Anthropology and narrative in Chapultepec Park, Mexico City. Relevantly, some people ponder that since the sun st mavin shows days of the sun, its final day which is December 21, 2012 ultimately predicts the end of the sun. History recounts a number of phenomena predicted by the Mayas, some of which include solar and lunar eclipses, taking into consideration the rotation of the earth and its speed. The Mayas also predicted that in 1996, people would create an inter-dimensional network that could enable people to communicate despite a far distance such as the Internet. These prophecies establish reliability of the Mayas and their Long Count calendar in predicting future astrological events.In line with the 2012 phenomenon, many are awed by the Mayan prophecy as the date corresponds with the galactic alignment in which the ecliptic of our solar system testament intersect with the astronomic plane, called the Galactic Equator of the Milky Way. (Eden n. d. ) At the same time, the earth will also be aligned with the center of the Galaxy where there is maximum mass. This alignment, which never occurred before could definitely cause disruption in the earths activity. Furthermore, the said date coincides with the earths solar maximum.During this time, solar flares, sunspots, and miscellany mass ejections are strongest. These flares come from the sun and shoot through planets, discharging radiation and strong electrical currents and causing problems for sa fall apartites, communications, and power grids. (Raeder, as mentioned in Eden n. d. ) An investigation conducted by NASAs THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) satellite declares that conversely, galactic alignment will create a huge breach, allowing more sun particles to come in, possibly causing great danger to both living and non-living creatures.Implications to Different Sectors In line with the upcoming phenomenon, investors to electric and power companies should take precautions in the next three years. Due to strong electrical currents predicted by experts, power misfortune may likewise take into play. On the contrary, those who have invested in solar energy might reap the harvest, though this still needs in-depth investigation. Moreover, since the forecasted cataclysm is caused by the flares of the sun, it basically implies earths ne ed to contradict the chief(prenominal) force, which is heat energy.To control excessive totality of heat onto the earths surface, we may need to make serious efforts to counter this by taking better care of our environment. Basically, plant and marine life, which produce the greatest amount of oxygen should be multiplied in order to save the planet. sequence the Mayan prediction and scientific explorations offer substantial explanation regarding the 2012 catastrophe, let us consider how other sectors of the society react to the said end. In particular, we may note portions of the business sector that thrive from the said prophecy.For example, Sony Pictures Entertainment will release a movie titled, 2012 in November this year. This movie, directed by Roland Emmerich, centers on the doomsday of 2012 based on the Mayan prophecy. As early as work year, the movie outfit has already released a teaser trailer and launched a Web site that not only promotes the film however also invites viewers to register for lottery. Similarly, a number of Web sites (i. e. , December212012. com) that have been accomplished are used not only to promulgate the intelligence activity but also to sell products that bear captions related to 2012 phenomenon.Some of these include books, t-shirts, caps, and other accessories. only these reveal a hidden agendum of how some profit makers brighten from the panic they have just caused the people. These also give the impression of how this prophecy would culminate to a meaningless end similar to prophecies made in the past, such as the Y2K. The truth regarding galactic alignment offers enough pattern for everyone to start preparing for the next cycle of weather disturbances and natural disasters. Although many visionaries including Nostradamus (mentioned in December212012.com) offer common views regarding doomsday, we should not allow ourselves to be victims to profit-seekers who proliferate the news show only for their personal gain. M ay this also serve as a call to stop sensationalizing the issue because at the end of the day, no one can really predict what exactly will happen in the future. Furthermore, may this remind media people and Web authors of their responsibility to our people to tell and live the truth. Works Cited Cooper, Adrian. The Year 2012. (n. d. ). Retrieved 4 bound 2009 http//www. whatismetaphysics. com/year2012. html. Eden, Dan. December 21, 2012 The existent Doomsday? (n. d. ).Viewzone. Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Emmerich, Roland. 2012. (2009). Film. NY Sony Pictures Entertainment. History Presents Nostradamus 2012. (2006). Retrieved 3 March 2009 http//www. december212012. com/articles/news/History_To_Air_New_Nostradamus_Special. htm. Raeder, Jimmy. Important Update January 2009. In Eden, Dan. December 21, 2012 The Real Doomsday? (n. d. ). Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Soveign, Mark. What Exactly will Happen in 2012? (2008). Retrieved 4 March 2009 .

With Reference to Acid-Base Balance Explore the Role of the Respiratory System in Maintaining Blood Ph?

School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Stu let outs. With reference to point-base balance explore the fictitious character of the respiratory outline in main(prenominal)taining derivation pH? We live and die at the cellular aim (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the activate of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the reapingion and elimination of H+ total heat ions (pH) inwardly the tree trunk fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p. 236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+.Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would soften H+ aims in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal directs (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p. 1001) indeed the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy soulfulness several systems work interdependently on maintaining pargonntages pH (Sheldon, 2001, p. 23) cowcatcher, renal and respiratory systems. In this experiment I will concentrate on the pH of the channel in affinity to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. derivation pH is a measure of its sulkiness or alkalinity. A pH of 7. is considered neutral in the systemic arterial kin within its narrow range of around 7. 35 and 7. 45. When the pH is greater than 7. 45 the channel is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is demoralize than 7. 35 then the consanguinity is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p. 23). Fig. 1 Diagram of blood pH scale (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The moroseness or alkalinity of blood is a run of H+ assimilation within it, and this on the other hand results from the deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide closeness in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a toxic waste product generated in the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates and proteins within the cells.The gas itself is non an acid, but it reacts with pissing to form carbonaceous acid which then dissociates to form a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion carbonic acid gas+H2O- H2CO3-H++ HCO3- The respiratory system answers to mastery the acidity of blood by regulating the elimination of CO2 and H2O finished spreading and on the other hand, blood pH (H+ meanness) plays a study role in respiratory control. Respiratory muscles belong to the voluntary living system and are controlled by the respiratory centre located in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain stem (Hinchliff, Montague, Watson, 2005, p. 605). Gregoire and G eitheragher (2004, p. 24) suggest, that the subsisting centre controls a number of inseparable parts, which work together to ensure that any passion is harmoniously followed by an appropriate expiration. Also, the frequency and the volume of air per frenzy are regulated. In order to regulate the breathing in an effectual manner, the respiratory centre must be informed of the need for the spreading in the body mainly by chemoreceptors which are sensitive to the PCO2 (carbon dioxide pressure) or the pH of the blood. Those chemoreceptors can be found in the aortic swerve and in the carotid artery (Thomson, Adams, Cowan, 1997, p. 1). According to Tortora and Derrickson (1006, p. 1002), the pH of bodily fluids and breathing rate react via the negative feedback loop-the-loop. When the aforementi unityd chemoreceptors detect any changes in blood pH, they will put forward the respiratory centre to alter the ventilation rate in order to bring the acid-base balance to its homeostatic level. When the blood acidity extends, the pH decreases and causes the chemoreceptors to stimulate the inspiratory area in the brain. This results in diaphragm and other respiratory muscles to contract more frequently and forcefully (resulting in increased CO2 excretion).This will cause less(prenominal) H2CO3 to form, thence less H+ will be present in the blood, resulting in increase of bloods pH. When this response will bring blood pH back to normal, its acid-base balance will be back to its homeostatic level (Tortora, Derrickson, 2006, p. 1002). The same negative feedback will move, when the blood CO2 level will increase (increase in ventilation, therefore CO2 excretion from the blood, trim back its H+ concentration and finally increase in pH). Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis CO2 CO2H+ H+ pH pH Normal blood pH (7. 35-7. 45) Normal blood pH (7. 35-7. 45) Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre animate becomes slower and shallower Breathing becomes slower and shallower Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre Breathing becomes deeper and faster Breathing becomes deeper and faster pH pH H+ H+ CO2 CO2 Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis Fig. 2 Respiratory standard of blood pH.Simple act of breathing also regulates bloods pH.. When the ventilation rate increases, more CO2 will be excreted, leading to fall H+ concentration and raise in pH. Contrarily, when the ventilation rate decreases, less carbon dioxide will get excreted, leading to its accumulation, therefore increase in H+ and decrease in bloods pH (Tortora, Derrickson, 2009, p. 1002). As we can see, lungs and brain control bloods pH molybdenum by minute. When the respiratory system fails to control the pH of the blood by means of ventilation it can lead to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.Respiratory acidosis is an excess of carbonic acid that is ca apply by conditions resulting in hypoventilation and CO2 retention. The major effect of acidosis is picture of the central nervous system (Disney, 2002, p. 281). When the pH of the blood falls on a lower floor 7. 35, the central nervous system starts to malfunction, and the patient will become baffled and possibly comatose as the condition worsens Respiratory alkalosis occurs in carapace of defici t of carbonic acid caused by conditions resulting in alveolar hyperventilation and CO2 deficit.First, the peripheral nerves will be affected leading to intuitive nervous stimulation of muscles (spasms) and extreme nervousness. Severe alkalosis can lead to ending as a result of contraction of respiratory muscles (Disney, 2002, p. 283). Although in this essay I am concentrating on the role of the respiratory system in regulating the pH of blood it is worth mentioning the role of buffer and renal systems in their connection to the role of the respiratory system. Renal system is the poky mechanism in regulating of the blood pH, all the same the only government agency to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid liable for raise in the blood pH.It helps to define long term acid-base imbalance but is not quick enough to react in sudden changes (Powers, 2001, p. 312-313). The pH buffer systems are a combination of bodys own native weak acids and bases. They exist in balance under no rmal pH, however when any changes in pH solution occur, they change their proportions to chemically restore the balance (Appel, Downs, 2008). The important buffer systems include proteins, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffers and phosphates (Thomson, Adams and Crown, 1997, p. 53). Prolonged acid imbalances of any kind are not well tolerated by the body as they disturb its normal functions.A chronically over-acidic pH corrodes body wander and if left unchecked, it will interrupt all cellular activities and functions. The blood pH has a serious effect on all of the bodys systems and thats why it is important for the body to maintain its acid-base balance, as raze minor deviations from the normal range can severely affect all cell in our body. Due to close connection between the respiratory system and bloods acid-base balance any malfunctions of the respiratory system will lead to blood pH imbalances. Word Count 1099 SCENARIO 2 (1000 words)With reference to negative feedback loops expl ore the role of the pancreas in glycaemic homeostasis. PLEASE face YOUR ANSWER to a lower place Cells need a stable environment in order to survive. Negative feedback is the mechanism by which our body maintains its conditions at a homeostatic level (Guyton, Hall, 2006, p. 861). When the conditions go across the above range of homeostasis, negative loop will forgo a hormone to bring those conditions back to normal. Contrarily, when the conditions exceed the lower range of homeostasis, the production of the second hormone will be triggered.Negative feedback loop requires a receptor, a control centre and an effector. Located in the body are eight major endocrine glands that secrete hormones. smear glucose concentration regulation through the negative feedback shows, how the endocrine system maintains the homeostasis within our body using two antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon (CliffsNotes, no date), make outd in the pancreas. In this essay I will explore what is glycaem ic homeostasis and why is it essential for the health of cells and therefore for the health of the entire body.I will find out how is it hold within our body by the negative feedback loops and what is the role of the pancreas in this process. Glucose is the main spring of energy for majority of cells in the human body (Tortora, Grabowski, 2006, p. 614). Its molecules are broken down in the cells to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, which provide energy for umteen cellular processes. Circulating blood delivers glucose molecules to cells and therefore the constant supply of glucose is rock-steady on the glucose levels existence keep at continuous and adequate level.However, it is as important, that the concentration of glucose in the blood and tissues is not excessive (Paul, 1999). The homeostatic level of glucose is achieved through the negative feedback systems of endocrine system which ensure that the glucose concentration is maintained within the normal range o f 70 to 110 milligrams of glucose per decilitre (Paul, 1999). In a healthy person the homeostatic glucose levels are restored by one of the organs of the endocrine system- the pancreas. Fixed firmly in the pancreas is a coarse of endocrine tissue called the islets of Langerhans.Simpkins and Williams (2001, p316) suggest, that the islets contain two types of cells- ? and ? cells, are responsible for the production of glucagon and insulin. Tissues use glucose at different rates, depending on the metabolic activity (Simpkins, Williams, 2001, p. 317). much glucose would be used by our body during exercise than during the rest time. The concentration of glucose will also rise after a meal, when the nutrients are being absorbed. After the glucose enters the bloodstream (following food digestion), the ? ells detect that the blood glucose concentration has elevated and release the enzyme- insulin (Tortora, Derrickson, 2009, p. 340-341). Insulin has several functions. One of them is acc elerating the conversion of animal starch from glucose. line of reasoning exit the gut contains the absorbed products of digestion and then passes them to the liver. The liver cells contain enzymes controlled by insulin, which help to synthesize the animal starch, the polymer of glucose. Glucose absorbed from the gut is stored in a form of glycogen in the liver and some of the skeletal muscles (Simpkins, Williams, 2001, p. 316).Glucagon has the opposite role to the insulin. It stimulates the mutation of glycogen to glucose (Guyton, Hall, 2006, p. 861). The other functions of insulin include speeding up the entry of glucose from the blood into the respiring cells, increasing the cellular rate of glucose utilization as an energy credit and stimulating of the fat discount from glucose in the liver cells (Paul, 1999). All these cause would together cause the decrease in the blood glucose concentration and the insulin secretion discontinuation (from negative feedback from declini ng levels of glucose).Contrarily, when the blood glucose concentration decreases (for example during starvation), the pancreas will respond by stopping the insulin secretion and stimulating the alpha cells to secrete glucagon. unconnected from accelerating the equipment failure of glycogen to glucose, it increases the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol in fatty tissue as well as it stimulates liver cells to increase the tax write-off of glucose from glycerol absorbed from the blood (Paul, 1999).These effects will cause an increase in blood glucose level and the secretion will discontinue when grasp the homeostatic level (negative feedback). Blood glucose concentration declines Blood glucose concentration declines Blood glucose concentration rises Blood glucose concentration rises Pancreas stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon Pancreas stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon Pancreas stimulates beta cells to release insulin. Pancreas stimulates beta cells to r elease insulin. increase breakdown of glycogen to glucoseIncreased breakdown of glycogen to glucose Homeostasis- normal blood glucose level Homeostasis- normal blood glucose level Increased rate of glucose behave to the cells Increased rate of glucose transport to the cells Increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids Increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids Increased rate of glucose utilization Increased rate of glucose utilization Increased breakdown of protein to amino acids Increased breakdown of protein to amino acids Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen Increased conversion of glucose to glycogenIncreased protein entailment Increased protein synthesis Increased synthesis and release of glucose Increased synthesis and release of glucose Increased fat synthesis Increased fat synthesis Blood glucose concentration rises Blood glucose concentration rises Blood glucose concentration decline Blood glucose concentration decline Fig. 1 The homeostatic regulation of blood gluco se concentration via the negative feedback loop. In relation to negative loop system, the glucose transporters that bind glucose are the receptors. The ? and ? cells act as the control centres, as by processing the information from the receptors they act by let go effectors- insulin and glucagon- in order to restore the internal conditions back to their normal level (Haaland, 2001). Maintenance of glycaemic homeostasis is crucial, as glucose is the only nutrient that can be used by brain to supply it with energy required for its functioning (Guyton, Hall, 2006). Contrarily, elevated glucose concentration can produce a large amount of osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid and lead to cellular dehydration.High glucose concentration will also cause loss of glucose in the urine, which can loot body of its fluids and electrolytes. Long-term increases in blood glucose may cause ravish to many a(prenominal) tissues, especially blood vessels and can lead to heart attack, stroke, cecity and renal diseases. Any disturbances in the glucose levels will be an indication of disease. For example, raised glucose levels would be present in diabetes mellitus, Cushings syndrome, liver disease and hyperthyroidism. Contrarily, change magnitude glucose levels are present in Addisons disease, hypoinsulinism and hypothyroidism (Paul, 1999).The most uncouth of all aforementioned diseases is diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes bodys immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. This means that pancreas is unable to secrete insulin (Tortora, Derrickson, 2001, p. 341). large number affected by the disease will need external source of insulin in order to survive Type II is the most common type of diabetes. In this disease insulin secretion is not reduced, however the tissues in the body become resistant to insulin over time. Person affected by type II diabetes can control their glucose levels with the medication and the right diet.Glucose is necess ary for the cells to function. Pancreas has a major role in maintaining right glucose levels as it is responsible for secretion of two antagonistic hormones responsible for the glucose regulation. Negative feedback loop stimulates the pancreas to release the right hormone at the time to bring the blood glucose to its homeostatic level. Any disturbances in the secretion of aforementioned hormones can lead to many diseases and body dysfunctions. Any pancreas malfunction will automatically lead to blood glucose level disturbances. Word count 1098PLEASE TYPE YOUR REFERENCE LIST BELOW Appel, S. , Downs, Ch. , (2008) Understanding acid-base balance. Nursing. 38 (9), pp9-11. CliffsNotes Antagonistic Hormones. online available at http//www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicArticleId-277792,articleId-277669. hypertext markup language (no date) (Accessed 11 Jan 2013). Disney, J. (2002) Acid-base disorders. In Marx, J. et al. Rosens Emergency Medicine Concepts of Clinical Practice. fifth ed. Oxford Elsevier. 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