Immigration Reform free essay sample

Immigration Reform Immigration statistics will prove how rapidly immigration is increasing, including the importance of the Dream Act, the Immigration reform, and its pros and cons. Systems that will help families that want to be in the United States, but in return help the economy. The purposes of the new Immigration reform are to accomplish a new economic picture, by creating ideas of improving our border security; workplace enforcement; to help those whom are seeking permanent residence; and new ways to improve the immigration system. Statistics They are about 12 to 15 million undocumented workers and families illegally in the United States and about 1,042,625 are obtaining legal permanent resident. California and Texas are the top states with the highest population of immigration. New York Times article included that this year’s cost of immigration was 13,000,000,000, including 52,000,000,000 for education, and 1,400,000 number of illegal immigrant households that use at least one welfare service. In a (2007) report the heritage foundation added that â€Å"For every $1 they contribute to Social Security, low-skilled illegal aliens withdraw $10 in total government benefits. Many even file tax returns each year using their real names, addresses, and identification numbers issued by the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS generally does not share the information with federal immigration agents. Nothing in federal law prohibits illegal immigrants from owning homes. And banks can legally accept passports, tax identification numbers, and consular cards from people who want to open bank accounts or get home loans, according to the Comptroller of the Currency, a bureau of the U. S. Treasury that regulates national banks. Enforce the laws. There already exist on the books numerous laws that, if enforced in a reasonable and targeted manner, would discourage illegal immigration and the employment of illegal labor. Lawbreakers must be deterred, and law-abiding Americans must be reassured, that Congress and the administration are completely serious about enforcing our laws. Recent actions by the administration prove that reasonable enforcement measures (well short of massive deportations) can significantly reduce the number of illegal border crossings. Continued crackdowns on businesses that have hired hundreds and sometimes thousands of illegals would also help government regain credibility in this area. Any immigration reform package must promote increased security, earned adjustment for undocumented workers already in the U. S. and an essential workers’ program to address future labor shortages. Enforcement alone is not the solution. The reality is that even the most anti-immigrant legislators in this country are not talking about deporting 12 million undocumented workers, which make up about 5% of the American workforce. The business community supports giving these workers legal status, so they will not be subject to exploitation by allowing them to become more able to exercise their rights under U. S. laws. 1. Using the Term Illegal Alien PRO: The correct terminology for the nearly 20 million persons illegally in the U. S. is illegal aliens. The term undocumented immigrants is purposely incorrect in order to sway the public in favor of special interest groups and only clouds the reality of the situation The term illegal alien is broader and more accurate because it includes undocumented aliens and nonimmigrant visa overstayers. the term illegal alien, being broader in scope, is the accurate term to use. In that immigrant connotes legality, the term illegal immigrant is really an oxymoron. IllegalAliens. us Calling an Illegal Alien an Undocumented Immigrant Is Like Calling a Burglar an Uninvited House Guest, illegalaliens. us accessed Jan. 18, 2007 CON: The National Association of Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ) is concerned with the increasing use of pejorative terms to describe the estimated 11 million undocumented people living in the United States. NAHJ is particularly troubled with the growing trend of the news media to use the word illegals as a noun, shorthand for illegal aliens. Using the word in this way is grammatically incorrect and crosses the line by criminalizing the person, not the action they are purported to have committed. NAHJ calls on the media to never use illegals in headlines [and] to avoid Illegal alien. Alternative terms are undocumented worker, or undocumented immigrant. National Association of Hispanic Journalists NAHJ Urges News Media to Stop Using Dehumanizing Terms When Covering Immigration, nahj. org accessed Jan. 19, 2007 2. Amnesty PRO: Whether you fine illegal aliens or stick them in English classes or make them say a hundred Hail Marys, at the end of the day, illegals would be allowed to stay and become citizens Thats amnesty. And thats a good thing for America. Amnesty wont depress wages globalization has already done that. Amnesty will not undermine the rule of law. [ ] It sounds counterintuitive, but with immigration, forgiving a crime may be the best way to restore law and order. Amnesty wont necessarily add to the social-services burden. [ ] Amnesty would offer millions a fighting chance at self-sufficiency and social mobility. Nathan Thornburgh Time Magazine reporter A Case for Amnesty, Time June 7, 2007 CON: Do not grant amnesty to illegal aliens. Regardless of the penalties imposed, any program that grants individuals who are unlawfully present the legal permission to remain here rewards illegal behavior and is unfair to those who obey the law and go through the regula ­tory and administrative requirements to enter the country legally. Those who enter the United States illegally should not be rewarded with permanent legal status or other such benefits, and they should be penalized in any road to citizenship. Those who enter and remain in the country illegally are violating the law, and condoning or encouraging such violations increases the likelihood of further illegal conduct. Heritage Foundation Immigration, MyHeritage. org accessed Oct. 3, 2007 3. Deportation PRO: deporting aliens is as easy as one, two, three. The next time you hear [U. S. President] George W. Bush or [U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security] Michael Chertoff say how impossible immigration enforcement is, remember this simple formula: one, go to where you know aliens are; two, arrest them; three, deport them. Don’t bother asking where aliens hang out. The better question is where aren’t they hanging out. Go to a bus stop, a taco truck, a convenience store, the post office or an auto repair shop. No need to round them all up at once. Just arrest one or two every day at different locations around town and the message will soon get out. Joe Guzzardi English teacher at Lodi Adult School in California Deportation: As Easy As One, Two, Three, VDare. com Aug. 19, 2007 CON: I have listened to and understand the concerns of those who simply advocate sealing our borders and rounding up and deporting undocumented workers currently in residence here. But thats easier said than done I have yet to hear a single proponent of this point of view offer one realistic proposal for locating, apprehending, and returning to their countries of origin over 11 million people. How do we do that? it would take 200,000 buses extending along a 1700 mile long line to deport 11 million people. Thats assuming we had the resources to locate and apprehend all 11 million, or even half that number, which we dont have and, we all know, wont ever have. John McCain U. S. Senator (R-AZ) Statement on the Senate floor Mar. 30, 2006 4. Mexican Border Fence PRO: Im pleased that you all are here to witness the signature of the Secure Fence Act of 2006 This bill will make our borders more secure. It is an important step toward immigration reform The bill authorizes the construction of hundreds of miles of additional fencing along our southern border Were modernizing the southern border of the United States so we can assure the American people were doing our job of securing the border. By making wise use of physical barriers and deploying 21st century technology were helping our Border Patrol agents do their job. George W. Bush U. S. President, Signing of the Secure Fence Act of 2006 Oct. 26, 2006 CON: It is deplorable to go ahead with this decision of the wall at the border The wall will not solve any problem. Humanity made a huge mistake by building the Berlin Wall and I believe that today the United States is committing a grave error in building the wall on our border. It is much more useful to solve common problems and foster prosperity in both countries. Felipe Calderon President of Mexico Mexico Urges Canada to Help Oppose Border Fence, CTV (Canadian national broadcast news) Oct. 26, 2006 5. Civilian Border Patrols PRO: it is now more important than ever for citizens to rise to the occasion and fill a void in National security. Minuteman Civil Defense Corps volunteers will now patrol the border with over 100 fully armed Citizens who consider themselves members of the unorganized state militia; we have the legal right and moral obligation as per our Arizona State Constitution and Federal Constitution and our respect for American citizens. Our intent is to send a strong message to the world that we will stand defiant to invaders and protect the borders of our country. Chris Simcox Founder and President of the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps americanpatrol. com accessed Oct. 11, 2007 CON: The Border Patrol does this [patrol the border] every day, and they are qualified and very well trained to handle the situation Ordinary Americans are not. So theres a danger that not just illegal migrants might get hurt, but that American citizens might get hurt in this situation. Robert C. Bonner, JD, Former Commissioner of U. S. Customs and Border Protection Border Patrol Considering Use of Volunteers, Official Says, New York Times July 21, 2005 6. Terrorist Threat PRO: Knowledgeable Americans have come to understand that our welcoming immigration policies are easily exploited by terrorists and that porous borders and lax immigration enforcement are no longer an option. With at least 8 million illegal aliens living in the United States and nearly one million new aliens arriving each year, the potential for terrorists entering the United States undetected is high. Center for Immigration Studies Terrorism National Security, cis. org accessed Sep. 12, 2007 CON:Illegal immigrants are not terrorists. They want to come legally to do the jobs Americans don’t want, but our broken immigration system doesn’t allow that to happen. If there were legal channels for these migrants to use, the government could concentrate on identifying the real terrorists. Instead, the government is wasting money and manpower trying to keep out the immigrant workers the U. S. economy needs. That makes the job of finding a terrorist like finding a needle in a haystack. American Immigration Law Foundation Immigrants Aren’t Undermining Our Nation’s Security. Flawed Immigration Laws Are, ailf. org accessed Sep. 12, 2007 7. Economic Burden PRO: The economic and social consequences of illegal immigration are staggering Illegal aliens have cost billions of taxpayer-funded dollars for medical services Immigration is a net drain on the economy; corporate interests reap the benefits of cheap labor, while taxpayers pay the infrastructural cost $60 billion dollars are earned by illegal aliens in the U. S. each year. One of Mexicos largest revenue streams (after exports and oil sales) consists of money sent home by legal immigrants and illegal aliens working in the U. S This is a massive transfer of wealth from America essentially from Americas displaced working poor to Mexico. Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform (CAIR) Economic Costs of Legal and Illegal Immigration, cairco. org accessed Oct. 24, 2007 CON: [E]very empirical study of illegals economic impact demonstrates undocumenteds actually contribute more to public coffers in taxes than they cost in social services. Moreover, undocumented immigrants contribute to the U. S. economy through their investments and consumption of goods and services; filling of millions of essential worker positions resulting in subsidiary job creation, increased productivity and lower costs of goods and services; and unrequited contributions to Social Security, Medicare and unemployment insurance programs. Francine J. Lipman Professor of Law, Business and Economics at Chapman University Taxing Undocumented Immigrants: Separate, Unequal and Without Representation, Tax Lawyer Spring 2006 8. Drivers Licenses for Immigrants in the United States Illegally PRO: While increasing our national security is critical, restricting driver licenses (DLs) is an inefficient way to enforce immigration laws and prevent terrorism Furthermore, press accounts since September 11 have called attention to the fact that the hijackers had obtained DLs when, in fact, the terrorists did not need U. S. -issued DLs to board the planes on September 11; they had foreign passports that allowed them to board. In fact, denying driving licenses to large segments of the population makes everyone in the community less safe. Restricting DLs results in unsafe roads, higher insurance rates, and overwhelmed court systems Restricting DLs results in the proliferation of false documents. Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF) Immigrant Access to State Driver’s Licenses: A Tool Kit for Advocates, maldef. org Jan. 2004 CON: In an increasingly security-conscious America, access to drivers licenses by people in the country illegally poses serious risks and undermines U. S. immigration law illegal aliens often use aliases and phony documents, so the alien’s identity and residence is not established as a result of the driver’s license process The argument about road safety relies on a faulty assumption that if illegal aliens are legally licensed to drive, they will all have accident insurance. But even if a state requires automobile insurance as a condition of getting a license, that does not keep an illegal alien from canceling the policy the next day. Illegal aliens generally are working in low-wage jobs and have difficulty affording insurance, and their cars are frequently older and more accident-prone. Additionally, illegal aliens often are not able to read road alerts in English. Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) Economic Costs of Legal and Illegal Immigration, fairus. org Oct. 2005 9. Using State and Local Law Enforcement vs. National Only PRO: State and local police are badly needed to help overwhelmed federal immigration authorities apprehend and detain illegal aliens in the interior of our country. Illegal aliens outnumber federal immigration agents by 5,000 to one. Only 2,000 are active in enforcing the immigration laws in the interior of our country. This number is too small to apprehend more than a fraction of the illegal alien population now here There doesnt appear to be much chance in the near future that the number of federal agents assigned to interior enforcement will reach anywhere near the level that would be required for the feds to do the job by themselves. More than 600,000 state and local law enforcement officers already come into contact with illegal aliens every day. Many of them, in the course of their normal duties on their regular beat, routinely observe and even stop illegal aliens — for example for traffic violations. And the vast majority of these officers believe deeply in the rule of law and want to help protect the security of their country. NumbersUSA. com Economic Costs of Legal and Illegal Immigration, numbersusa. com accessed June 15, 2007 CON : Immigration enforcement by local police would likely negatively effect and undermine the level of trust and cooperation between local police and immigrant communities Undoubtedly legal immigrants would avoid contact with the police for fear that they themselves or undocumented family members or friends may become subject to immigration enforcement. Enforcement of federal immigration laws would be a burden that most major police agencies would not be able to bear under current resource levels. [ ] The specific immigration status of any particular person can vary greatly and whether they are in fact in violation of the complex federal immigration regulations would be very difficult if not almost impossible for the average patrol officer to determine. At this time local police agencies are ill equipped in terms of training, experience and resources to delve into the complicated area of immigration enforcement. Major Cities Chiefs Association Recommendations For Enforcement of Immigration Laws By Local Police Agencies, neiassociates. org June 8, 2006 10. Border Militarization PRO: The U. S. Border Patrol simply cannot handle its mission under present restraints. Its job is to protect the American public and preserve the sanctity of our international borders. That cannot be accomplished while our borders are over run by aliens of every nationality and while bureaucrats place unreasonable restrictions on how agents operate. I urge the immediate deployment of U. S. military troops and equipment on our borders to seal them against those who would cause us harm. This could be only a temporary measure to allow us to regain control to again become a sovereign nation. David J. Stoddard Former U. S. Border Patrol Agent Testimony submitted to the U. S. House Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources Feb. 22, 2002 CON: I think we have to be very careful here. Thats not the role of our military. Thats not the role of our national guard Lets start with the fact do we even have the capacity? Weve got 75% of the equipment of national guards all across this country is in Iraq. Weve got national guard members on their second, third and fourth tours in Iraq. We have stretched our military as thin as we have ever seen it in modern times. And what in the world are we talking about here sending a national guard that we may not have any capacity to send up to or down to protect borders? Thats not their role. Ill listen to the President but Ive got a lot of questions about this. Chuck Hagel U. S. Senator (R-NE) ABC This Week With George Stephanopoulos May 14, 2006

Report on External Environment Analysis of Baidu Essay Example

Report on External Environment Analysis of Baidu Paper Having known needs Of globalization, it is time for companies to consider what objectives they want to achieve or in other words, what their motivations of globalization are. Three elements of motivation are focused in Daniels, Redheaded and Sullivan (2011) including expanding sales, acquiring resources and minimizing risks. After the motivation, what options they should take when it comes to entry mode should be considered. Killer (2013) argues that it is about how the product or service is distributed in and through the market. Different motivations lead to different entry modes. To acquire intellectual resources, for example, Seized; and Gamesman (2002) indicate that there are four methods for companies in intellectual business to conduct their globalization business involving market and technology dimensions. Further, to be successful in the process of globalization, companies should be well aware of the business environment which usually includes political, economic, social, technological, etc. Because they are very important when it comes to company strategies (Wild and Wild, 201 2:310). However, companies preparing for international business often overlook the information they have as they think that they now the consumers in depth (Killer, 2013:2). It would never be easy to have fully understanding of the changing business environment. This paper is about the investigation of external environments of three selected countries where the target company, Baud, is going to start up business. The next part is a brief introduction of Baud on its main business, its reputation, its strong domain, etc. After that, the motivation and the way that Baud is going to compete when it comes to new business in new environment will be considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on External Environment Analysis of Baidu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report on External Environment Analysis of Baidu specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report on External Environment Analysis of Baidu specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Followed by the foresight of the business environment from the irrespective fatwa impact of 2008 global financial tsunami could bring to the target business area according to its performance between 2008 and 2014 period, as well as the influence that Baud may bring to the host economy, the PEST analysis is conducted to investigate the external environment Of three countries which are India, South Africa and United Kingdom and a numerical comparison offered by a grid where three countries are scored based on the data collected will be conducted. The conclusion of the PEST analysis, the opportunity-risk matrix and the SOOT analysis is that United Kingdom is the cost ideal area for Baud to start new business because of its stable and transparent political environment, positive economic environment, intellectual labor force as well as the high level of national research and development and mature informational infrastructure, which all lead to a sustainable development opportunity to new business. About Baud Corp.. Baud (move. Baud. Com), the largest search engine in China, was established in January 2000. Its business covers as many areas of Internet industry as possible and so far Baud has become a comprehensive Internet service provider. In addition, it launched personal cloud service in 2012 and two years later, in 2014, began to provide big data service to the public known as Baud Brain (Yin, 2014). The continuously expanding of Bauds market share and its dominant position, for example, with largest popularity of 818% (CONIC, 2014) in China mobile online shopping search market, due to several strengths such as providing integrated Internet services, user-oriented advertising (Library work and study), hiring top scientists in related areas, strong identity among users, etc. Nonetheless, How, IL and Went (2010) argue hat the lack of product differentiation and core competitiveness are the common weaknesses among Chinese search engines including Baud. In addition, owing to its experiences in China market, Baud is familiar with Chinese users while it lacks knowledge on foreign customer identities, which makes it difficult to launch international businesses. The strength and weakness can be tabulated as Table 10. 3 To Acquire Knowledge and Technology: Motivation of Bauds Internationalization In terms of the motivation of Mines internationalization, three factors are highlighted, which re to expand sales, to acquire resources and to minimize risks (Daniels et al. , 201 1:50). According to Huh et al. (2014:27) the information technology industry, where Baud operates, is categorize as a knowledge-intensive industry, which means knowledge or even technology play vital role. Further, in the knowledge-based industry, Mines opportunity recognition is not simply through occasional discovery but via proper interpretation of future battles based on Chancre et al. (2009:30). As a result, because of the future recognition on big data, Baud Corp.. Will pay abundantly in developing big data technology. The problem is why Baud operates internationally instead of doing research and development domestically and what means will Baud adopt in this process? To address the first question, it is clearly understood that the information technology industry in some developed countries is more advanced than that in China and company can get access to the resources there as well as get synergy effect more easily than operating business domestically. Above mentioned will be discussed in detail later. TO answer the second question, companies like Baud will be more likely to, in this stage, set up its research branches abroad alone but not with the velveteen in the same time. Citizen and Gamesman (2002) indicate that market and technology are the two drivers of RD internationalization and when the company owns sufficient capital to support the overseas research but they need economic scale effect in the development centre, they will separate research divisions abroad and keep development centre in domestic area. Besides the economic scale effect, considering that it is not familiar with other citizens except Chinese net users, Baud will not prematurely settle the business in other countries but the research centers. It is reported that Baud established new research laboratory in Silicon Valley (Parker, 2014) targeting one of the achievement of big data, the deep learning, and it is a proof of what is explained on means of Bauds internationalization. 4 PEST Analysis of Ta regret Countries What are the environments of countries where Baud is going to start business? This article is going to adopt PEST analysis to study the external environment of target countries which are the united Kingdom, India, and South Africa. 4. 1 Political Environment Chatty et al. (2012) argue that the political-legal risks are vital when dealing tit international business. Moreover, Smith and Illinois (1 971 ) emphasize that to predict long-term political environment where multinational enterprises operate their business is knotty but this can be addressed through numerical analysis. In addition, to identify the key institutions and organizations is very important to understand the political environment (Kim and Hillman, 2008). As a result, the political environment investigated in this paper is concentrated on the key organization, the government, because of the characteristic of big data industry. Political environment includes the isolations of the government in the business sector as well as the stability and corruption degree of the host government, above which mentioned are important to start and run business. In order to estimate the political environment, this essay applies start-up business procedures to register a business which partly indicates the regulation of governments and political instability index and corruption perceptions index which reflect the status to current governments. Besides the statistical evidence, Table 2 illustrates some regulations or policies of governments regarding to Internet privacy, loud security, etc. The political environment in the united Kingdom is relatively ideal than other two countries owing to the instability politics in South Africa and complicated procedures of starting up business as well as highly corrupted government in India. We can see from the Table 1 that it takes very complex procedure to start a business in India while that in the rest of the two countries is much easier. Further, the complexity in procedures partly conveys that the new business regulation is relatively strict in India. In terms Of the rest dimensions, South Africa is the most instable entry compared with the other two countries and South Africa as well as India score relatively low in corruption perceptions index where United Kingdom has highest score. Through the information in Table X, it can be clearly found that the regulation of Internet and cyber liberty in India is severely strict and South African Internet security policy is insufficient to provide a safe virtual environment especially regarding to the cloud safety. Conversely, Internet surveillance in United Kingdom is much more sufficient and organizations and individuals can be guaranteed to have a positive cyber environment. Country Category Start-up procedures to register a business (in number)a Political instability (1-1 0)b Corruption perceptions index (0-1 00)c India 12 4. 5 36 South Africa 5 7 42 United Kingdom 6 4. 6 76 Source: areola Bank (2013); bisections(2009/10); astringency(2013) Table 1: Start-up procedures to register a business, Political instability and Corruption perceptions index of three countries. . 2 Economic Environment To estimate the economic environment that Baud is going to face, this article adopts economic factors in three aspects: the status of the economy, cost of business and the business risk. They cover the most fundamental parts of beginning and operating business in new environments. To be specific, the number of GAP, the figure of the GAP growth rate, the cost of start-up procedures as well as tax rate and fluctuation of exchange rate are the indicators of the contexts of the economy, the business cost and the business risk respectively. In terms of the economic status (See Table 3 and 4), the United Kingdom enjoys a stable growth in economy throughout the last decade except the years between 2008 and 2009 due to the financial crisis, accompanied by world great depression (Eatable 2013: 75) where India and South Africa are affected to different extents with depression in some years but they have comparatively ideal average growth rate. By contrast, the United Kingdom recovered to the routine quickly but has a low growth rate. Then in the business cost aspect, India is the costliest country when entrepreneurs want to set up and operate businesses there. In Table 5 and Table 6, it is illustrated that citizens in India, considering the level of general income, tend to invest more than people in any other two countries (See Table 5) and firms in India need to pay the highest tax in condition that they eave the same commercial profit (See Table 6). By contrast, costs of start-up procedures of South Africa and United Kingdom are significantly lower and their tax rates are also lower as well.

College Application Essay Format Example - How to Write an Essay

College Application Essay Format Example - How to Write an EssayIf you are wondering how to write an essay, then you need to know about the college application essay format example. While there is no one answer that fits all essays, there are ways to write the best essay possible.The best way to learn how to write a college application essay is to find a great resource like the one provided below. What the resource does is give you an idea of what a good essay should look like. It will also show you how to rewrite your essay and practice it so that you are writing a quality essay.Many people do not realize how important it is to research when they are writing a college application essay. It is important to be as objective as possible while still using your imagination and creativity. The more you learn about yourself and your goals, the better you will be able to describe them.If you are not able to write a college application essay yourself, you should hire a professional. This will help you because they have the experience and knowledge to make sure that your essay is very good. However, if you do not have the money or time to hire a professional, there are resources available that can help you with the task.If you do not understand how to write a college application essay, then you should use a guide like the one provided by the resource above. This will help you take a look at different essays from various colleges and see what they are saying. You will also see a great example of how to prepare for your essay.It is not easy to write a college application essay. Sometimes, you may find that it is very difficult to express the information you want to present to the admissions committee on paper. This is why it is important to get the right information down before you begin writing.You will also need to know how to properly format your essay. In this day and age, some people do not know what is best when it comes to essay format. However, most people get this wrong because they do not take the time to research what is best. This is where the resources provided by the resource given above can help you.If you want to be successful in college, then you should be smart and understand how to write a proper essay. Use the resources found here to help you learn about the basics of college application essay format. Then, you will know how to write a great essay that has a chance of getting you into the college of your choice.

What Is AP Style Writing Essay?

What Is AP Style Writing Essay?What is AP Style Writing Essay? There are a few different formats of the AP style essay. You will be able to find some of these articles and resources on my website.For example, in his or her essay, do you know what topic should be covered, what information you should include, and what kind of examples should be used? One of the ways you can answer these questions is by using examples.It doesn't matter how many times you type the word example, if you don't find the correct answers, you will be stuck. By using examples of other people's essays, you will be able to correct your own information, which can help you with making your essay look more professional.The other style of writing an essay that is AP style is called the Objectives-Based Writing Style. This is basically the first style of writing essay. As the name implies, the focus is placed on the reason the writer wrote the essay.In this essay, you should use examples to help you answer the questio n 'what is this about?' by using examples that are based on the topic. You should be able to relate the example to the main topic of the essay.The second style of writing an essay that is AP style is called the Footnotes. This means that the writer can provide an illustration or example that is not necessarily based on the main subject. Footnotes are used for specific references or interpretations of a particular passage.Footnotes are usually done in the author's name. The examples should be based on the topic of the essay. They can be used in different ways.Both examples and footnotes can be used as the answer to what is AP style writing essay. Using examples as well as footnotes can help you in answering this question. In other words, the essay should show the reader where the information is from and what it has to do with the main subject of the essay.

College Essay Topic - Find Out Why It Is Important

College Essay Topic - Find Out Why It Is ImportantIf you want to write a successful college essay then it is important that you come up with an interesting and positive essay topic. In most cases, if you are preparing for a college exam then it will be very easy for you to find out about the various topics which will not really be too difficult. The problem arises when you are preparing for a general test. A big percentage of people do not bother to find out what they can expect from the essay topics.It is very important to set out your objective clearly so that you will be able to focus on the subject matter and have an understanding of the structure of the essay. This is very important as it will help you prepare in a structured manner. You will be able to answer the questions quickly and can come up with effective answers to help you earn the top marks for the essay.The first thing that you need to do is to set out the basic information in your essay. You need to discuss the topic , the major themes and other important details such as your interest in the topic and your approach towards the topic.The next thing that you need to do is to find out the keywords that will be required to complete the essay correctly. You will be able to find out the keywords by consulting the university catalogue or by using the help of online resources.The first part of the essay is usually concerned with the main ideas. Then the next section will give the details of the research for the subject and then comes the conclusion section. It is important that you discuss all the issues that you think relevant to the topic, but keep the rest to the margins of the essay.The next important thing that you should consider is the style of writing and grammar. It is important that you come up with a straight forward but organized essay.college essay topic negative By following the tips and techniques mentioned above, you will be able to write college essay topics that will enable you to mee t all the requirements and will help you to earn top marks for the essay. Writing a compelling and interesting essay will surely be easy once you have come up with a subject that you feel passionate about.

World Trade Organization, Chinas economy will deeply and broadly get involved in international division of labor. The WritePass Journal

World Trade Organization, Chinas economy will deeply and broadly get involved in international division of labor. Introduction World Trade Organization, Chinas economy will deeply and broadly get involved in international division of labor. Introduction1. The background of Lenovo Group2. The internal and external environment of LenovoStrengthsStrong market shareBrand advantageWeaknessLack of scaleOpportunitiesGrowing PC demandOlympic strategyThreatsPEST analysis3. International Expansion Rational4. Country SelectionCountry AttractivenessStrategic Consideration5. International Market Entry Mode Selection(1)  Ã‚   Sales expansion(2)  Ã‚   Resource acquisition:(3)   Risk minimization:6. Challenges and StrategiesDifferentiation StrategyCoordination7. Conclusion and RecommendationReferenceRelated Introduction After entering into the World Trade Organization, Chinas economy will deeply and broadly get involved in international division of labor. To develop and establish a stable foothold in the competition, Chinese enterprises should learn and grow in the face of competition and challenges. Chinese enterprises have also realized it and explored reasonable international strategy for their development and management. Some outstanding Chinese enterprises have used mergers, acquisitions or strategic alliance with foreign companies to achieve the dream of being multinational corporations. The most representative enterprise is the Lenovo Group. Based on analysis of the international road of the Lenovo Group, the report is aimed at discuss Chinese enterprises choice of internationalization. The structure of the report is described as follow: Firstly, it introduces the background of global PC industry and the Lenovo Group. Secondly, SWOT and PEST model are used to analyze internal and external env ironment of the Lenovo Group. Motives of Lenovo to go international are listed in third part. Fourthly, chooses Japan to expand its international markets and analyzes the Lenovo Groups entry model. Then the report will give advice of Lenovo’s international competitive strategy. Recommendations and conclusion will be given in the last part. 1. The background of Lenovo Group Lenovo group was established in 1984, it was originally invested by Chinese Academy of Sciences and it was called ‘Legend’. It is a highly innovative, international technology company formed by Lenovo and the former IBM Personal Computing Division. Lenovo Company mainly produces desktop computers, printers, projectors, laptops, mobile phones, servers, and other goods. In a very first stage, Lenovo have to occupy the most domestic market share in China, changes from single product to wide range products. In the one hand, Lenovo made its business to meet specified customer needs, changes from product model to solution model. In the other hand, Lenovo increased its service range, changes from value added service to a full standard service. Moreover, the three stages of transformation enhanced its business integration and improved their competitiveness. In 1996, Lenovo ranked No.1 in Chinas domestic market, along with its rapid development in recent years. Then in December 2 004, Lenovo purchased IBM’s personal PC business in a total price of $1.25billion dollars. The IBM personal PC business integration helps Lenovo to gain experience, especially in new product development, talent reserves, management and sales. Moreover, these insist the transformation of Lenovo from a local enterprise to become multinational corporations. 2. The internal and external environment of Lenovo Business environment consists of the internal and external forces under which the organization operates (.Stephen, 1997). It shapes the abilities of enterprises in order to keep successful relationships with their customers. Successful enterprises pay more attention to constantly watching and adapting to the changes of the business environment (Richard, 2003). Generally speaking, most enterprises can control their internal environment such as customers and suppliers, but external environment is uncontrollable, such as political factors, economic factors etc. In order to gain the unbeatable position in the market, enterprises must strive hard continuously to adapt to the changes in the external environment (Zhao, 2004). SWOT and PEST analysis are effective tools to monitor and evaluate the internal and external environment of companies. Strengths Strong market share Lenovo has a prominent advantage on market share in Asia- Pacific PC market (not including Japan). Figure 1 shows the data about market share in the PC market of Asia in 2007. In the one hand, Lenovo’s market share is dominant compared to other competitors like Dell and HP in Chinese PC market. The Lenovo Group reached a new height of 34.5 percent in the fiscal year 2007, and achieved 24 percent year on year growth in PC shipments (Lenovo Group, 2008). In the other hand, Lenovo is one of the leading brands in China and has maintained this leading place for over 10 years. Lenovo can fully understand the local consumers’ needs as a localized enterprise and adapt to the market changes successfully. Figure 1 Source: Internet Data Center Brand advantage The strong market share enhances the brand image of the Lenovo Group. In the PC market, the leadership of Lenovo has exceeded many other competitors in China, and is in an industry leader position. Since Lenovo has acquired the IBM’s PC operations, the advantage of Lenovo’s Dual-brand strategy appeared increasingly. The company could use the ThinkPad brand on existing Lenovo products. Therefore, a strong brand portfolio of Lenovo laptop was established in the domestic PC market, and it has taken a complete coverage of business and consumer market. The brand influence is improving gradually. In addition, Lenovo plays a leading role in cost control and Channel Architecture as a domestic enterprise in China. The Group is able to adjust its strategies and directions to the market development and pass its products’ consumptive value to consumers quickly in order to have the advantage of time difference. Weakness Small market share in global PC market Although Lenovo has achieved great success in China, the market share of Lenovo in the global PC market is still very little. Market share is a comprehensive reflection of the products competitiveness. The performance of Lenovo in America and Europe is very unstable. Lenovo lags far behind Hewlett-Packard in the global PC market share. And the gap of international operational experience between Lenovo and Dell is much bigger in the US market. It will be difficult for Lenovo to catch up with Dell and HP. Lack of scale The Lenovo group is lack of scale to compete with its major competitors effectively. Table 1 shows the revenues and unit PC shipments of the major competitors in the fiscal year2009. It is easy to find that Lenovo falls behind its competitors. Table 1(million) HP Acer Dell Lenovo Revenues $114,552 $17,397.4 $52,902 $16,604.8 Unit PC shipments 59 40 37 25 Source: Lenovo Group, Ltd.2010 Laptops and desktops are the main products of Lenovo, but its competitors have a wider range of product portfolio. For example, Acer offers the products including notebook computers, PCs, liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors, and high-definition televisions etc. HP has various kinds of products and service, such as PCs, imaging and printing-related products and services, and technology services (Lenovo Group, 2010). Although it has expanded the product portfolio with Lenovo mobile, Lenovo needs to expand its products and service continually. Because the weak scale of the group will limit and affect its operating performance. Opportunities Growing PC demand The global PC market is expected to grow rapidly in the future. With the rise of the notebook market and the popularity of PC, the consumer market will show annual growth in geometric progression. And small-medium business segments of the PC markets are also expected to drive the growth. Table 2 shows the data about the demand of PC markets from 2007 to 2010. It can be seen that the demand of PC growth rapidly from the year 2007. Table 2 2007 2010 Global PC shipments 250 million 350 million Consumer segment 120 million 170million Small-medium business 55 million 80 million Source: Lenovo Group, Ltd.2010 Lenovo plays a leading role in global PC market, and the brands of PC products include IdeaCentre, IdeaPad, Essential, ThinkPad and ThinkCentre. Positive outlook for PC market will contribute to steady revenue flows for the Lenovo group in near term. This is no doubt that providing a good opportunity for the development of Lenovo in consumer market. Lenovo can be in a good position to benefit from the growing PC demand. Olympic strategy It is the best opportunity for Lenovo to break into the global market. Lenovo has many sports marketing cases in past few years, including signing a contract with the World Player, and cooperating with NBA. It also sponsors F1 Williams. Lenovo’s Olympic marketing is the most impressive and prospective strategy. Relying on the various advantages of Olympic sponsor, Lenovo can appeal to the public’s attention from the Olympic to the Lenovo’s products. It will help Lenovo enhance the brand image and awareness. Threats As China had joined the WTO, the market is gradually opening up. It is easier for foreign companies to access to the Chinese market. More and more famous computer manufacturers have established in China, the competition will become fiercer.And the mid-range market and the low-end market will be the target markets for international brands, so Lenovo will face the threat from gradually reduced price. Lenovo needs to know how to develop the advantages in scale, cost, channels and service when faces intense competition. In the consumer market, Lenovo faces stiff competition from Dell, HP, Acer, Apple and Sony For example, HP became the world’s first position by the success in the consumer PC market. And Dell also broke the years of single direct sales into retail stores. Lenovo will face a big challenge of Hewlett-Packard, Dell and other manufacturers in the world. PEST analysis Analysis the external environment is very helpful for a company to achieve long-term improvement and strategic planning. Following part will focus on analyzing the Lenovo’s external environment by using PEST tool including political, economic, social and technological factors. Political With the development of IT industry, some problems have emerged, such as environmental pollution and energy consumption. Therefore, the Green IT has been encouraged by Chinese government. Green IT refers to low energy consumption and low noise pollution. As a leader in Chinese PC market, Lenovo has achieved the task of Green IT in noise pollution. The noise index of a Lenovo brand-‘Kai Tian S’ was lower than 30 dB (Lenovo, 2005). In addition, the IT industry’s export tariff has decreased to 9.1 percent in 2005 since China joined the WTO (Global MA Reachch Center, 2006). So these policies are tends to encourage Lenovo to expand its global market. Economic The world economic has a tendency to decline because of the economic crisis in 2008. However, new economic policies were announced by Chinese government at that time. The policies were loose monetary policy and positive financial policy. And Chinese government offered 400 million RMB to motivate economic growth (The Marketing Surveillance Center of China, 2008). It is a great opportunity to develop IT industry. The demand of IT products in China has also increased by the growth of GDP. What’s more, the economies of some developing countries grow rapidly so that provides more opportunities for IT industry, while the IT industry in developed countries has become saturated. Social factors It contains education, population, income levels, lifestyles and other cultural factors. Brand awareness of the computer manufacturers will be affected by the income and education level of consumers. Firstly, education level and the demand of IT products are increasing in China with the development of society. Secondly, Chinese people become more international because of the globalization. The lifestyles of Chinese people changed a lot with the influence of developed countries. So it provides a better external environment for Lenovo’s development. Technology Lenovo Group was established by the Chinese Academy of Science. There are more than 1,800 computer professionals in this governmental organization which owns the highest level of computer technology in China. After the acquisition of IBM’s PC operations in 2005, Lenovo took full use of the IBM’s advanced technologies to produce high quality products and make the RD activities (Lenovo, 2005). And remote work of Internet offers a good opportunity for enterprises to share their advanced technologies. Therefore, Lenovo Group can enhance its competitive ability in order to expand the scale of global market based on the analysis of internal and external environment. 3. International Expansion Rational Kotter (1980) pointed that two important factors decide the reason why enterprises choose to go international. First is the force of circumstances, due to market price in easy or government control, there are fewer opportunities for enterprises in home market. Second is attractive factor, the demands for enterprises products are getting greater and greater overseas. Luftman and his colleagues (1992) described the distinction between primary motives and secondary motives. Primary motives include market-oriented investments, cost cutting investments and overseas investments for the purpose of reducing raw material costs or other reasons. Secondary motives include internal investment environment, the ability to respond to the external environment, or factors relate to the country to invest. By 1999, the company held 21.5 percent share was the best known brand in China and had some brand presence in Asia. Having keeping the domestic PC market leadership for five following years, the company faced new challenges when China entered the World Trade Organization. The company owned 30 percent share in domestic PC market far outdistanced other competitors 10 percent share, but it could no longer depend on local player advantages such as tariffs on imports or foreign companies distribution channels. For example, Dell used a direct sales model to enter China. Also by 2003, the company faced an increasing domestic competition of rising Chinese PC giants, for example Haier, the appliance maker, introduced their own-brand PCs. Besides, seeking and capturing broad overseas markets have been the basic motive. When the company has grown to sizable scale, it will face pressure of growing markets. While domestic market cannot offer opportunities, the company has to extend to external markets. The company can expand scale and scope of product operation to enhance its competitive advantage due to external markets. On the whole, as the limitation of internal market capacity and gradually while-hot competition, also Lenovos growth rate has been declining, internationalization has became the inevitable choice for Lenovo. In addition, Lenovo aimed to develop its core competence by going international. In international market, Europe and other developed countries pioneer in the fields of global information technology and network technology. Lenovo has set up the research laboratory in Silicon Valley, and through IBM Deal built strategic business partner relationship with IBM, the company pursued high-tech to ceaselessly strengthen its core competence and occupy a position in the fierce competition of high-tech area. 4. Country Selection Lenovo’s next move for expansion is Japan and to focus on personal PCs. In 27th January 2010, the announcement was given by Masato Yamamoto (NEC President) and Yang Yuanqin (Lenovo CEO): A new company called B.V. established which registered in Netherland. Lenovo owns 51% shares and paying $175million US dollars for the initial IPOs. And rest of the combination activities will be completed in June 2011. Country Attractiveness Japan is a small island located at the Pacific Ocean near China, the Japanese own a tradition of strong electronic industries, and some major world-class brands are came from there such like: Toshiba, NEC, Fujishu, Panasonic and SONY. In the Asia-pacific region of personal PC business, when competing with MNES such as: HP, dell, Acer and Asus, Lenovo is clear that it leads 20 percent of market share, however, in order to keep their position and secure their business in Asia, the opportunities for Lenovo to entry Japanese market beyond its cooperation. As a part of Lenovo’s global strategy, the market share combination will benefit NEC from the Chinese market and Lenovo from the Japanese Market, especially both brands will have a strong partnership facing the competition in a global stage. As the pie chart showed below: Strategic Consideration Meanwhile, Japan is a country with complexity, even in the business relates areas: Japan has cumbersome regulations, a deep cultural background and special business practices. The consumer market is very competitive, and consumers prefer domestic goods. In Japan, the majority of sales channels controlled by large corporations in Japan, this increase distribution cost and impact foreign products to be less competitive in the Japanese market. Japanese consumers have the taste of high-quality products and product design. Figure 3. Japanese market characteristics: A positive spiral of Japanese market Source: In the electronic industries, Yasushi (2006) mentioned the ideal cycle mode for growth as an electronics manufacturer in Japan, for several years, the negative cycle relied on saturated market limits and share competition in Japan market, and the solution for Japanese companies is to go overseas to gain more cost competitiveness. The positive cycle shows more about the relationship between market expansion and capture global market share. For Lenovo, facing these challenges, the product line could be localized in Japan or even in China, and sell computers in the Japanese market. Figure 4: Target country’s attractiveness and risk involvement Target country’s attractiveness Lenovo Strength (Benefit) Weakness (Harmful) Potential Market Growth and high end users Good quality control and research design can fulfill Japanese customer needs, especially with IBM as one of the core brand The gap to specifically define the locations of different sales network ‘Home bias’ ecosystem Partnership with NEC will increase their brand name as PC product line were built in Japan Lenovo still a new brand that need certain time of acceptation by JP customers Government policies and the hardware bias over software Hardware sales might booming according to industry gap Software might stands alone as Lenovo want to create more added value The absence of alternative forms of financing: banking loans and venture capital More direct investment will have more direct control and free hand from banking operations Foreign business have less banking backup and the bottleneck may harm the business long-term Japanese companies preferred to develop long-term relationships with their hardware suppliers and to depend on those suppliers Chinese business people could more familiar with the high context culture in Japan Relationship building with different destitution dealers may lower the efficiency on new product promotion Different concept on fitness or adaptation between computer software and operations Lenovo’s own research center in Japan used as technical support, and further cooperation with NEC could easily modify software to fit operations Lenovo cannot adapt their operations in order to take advantage of the software, this might increase its spending on research 5. International Market Entry Mode Selection There are many critical issues of a multinational company to be successful in internationalisation process. The entry mode selection is one of the most important issues which many scholars have been investigated in factors of the entry mode decision (Osland et al 2001). Transaction and the cost of uncertainty will be increased if the entry mode decision is inappropriate.   (Meyer et al, 2009). Therefore both country level factors, (i.e. institution, exchange rate and cultural distance), and industry level factors, (i.e. market size and structure, product maturity, type and sales service) need to be considered (Meyer et al, 2009). In addition, objectives of the market entry will frame level of involvement, level of control, time spending and ownership arrangement, which lead a company to make a proper entry mode decision (Figure.1). Since PC is a manufactured product, the foreign operating mode could be classified into wholly owned subsidiaries, export and joint venture. Figure 6.1 Level of involvement and time in order to choosing the entry mode Source: Adapted from Zhu (2010) The first entry mode, wholly owned subsidiary is a foreign business that fully operates under the parent company’s control. The parent company performs self-handling operation, owns resources and its particular assets with anticipation to take high risk and generate high profits (Zhu, 2010). Level of equity arrangement to host country is 100 percent ownership. Thus, an interest of the parent company is a major. The second entry mode, exporting, is a low level of internationalisation. Products and services made by a company in one country and sent to another country (Rugman and Collinson, 2009). There is none-equity arrangement to the host country. The third entry mode, â€Å"joint venture is a special type of strategic alliance inwhich the partners share in the ownershipof an operation on an equity basis† (Griffin, 2008, p.122). Moreover, to select the best entry mode for Lenovo expansion in Japan, advantages and disadvantages of the three kinds of entry modes is consid ered and displayed in the table below. Table 6.1 Comparisons of Advantages and Disadvantages of three entry modes Advantage Disadvantage Wholly owned subsidiaries -high power of management -not share profit -chance of high political risk -high capital investment and resources obligation -need operational facilities in host country Exporting -no need operational facilities in host country, -gain economy of scale -limit opportunities to gain knowledge of local market and competitor -slow response to customer demand -high transportation cost -face trade barrier Joint Venture -share investment risk, i.e. profit and loss with local partner. -combine data, information, complementary resources and know-how -possibility of reducing political or governmental condition risk -lack of fully control -possibility to face inappropriate contractual term, also argument and conflict -loss of competitive advantage through imitation. -managing the relationship with foreign partner Source: Adapted from Johnson, G et al (2005) and Zhu (2010) Japan is a country with both low physical and psychic distance from China, Lenovo’s home country, so, the wholly owned subsidiaries seems not to be very risky, furthermore the country ranks 17th freest economy out of 179 countries, the economy scores above the world average and it is found none of trade barriers (Datamonitor, 2010a). However, Japan has ‘Home bias’ ecosystem, the absence of alternative form of finance, government policies, particular way of develop long-term relationship with suppliers and different concept adaptation between computer software and operation, which the authors have stated in Chapter.5 before, that is, become an obstacle in the nature of competition in Japanese local market. In joint venture, the company will combine the market know-how within partners to understand market needs. Moreover the partners will bring in additional resources to assist each other in operating at the particular marketplace to overcome the new entry dilemma ( Yui and Makino, 2002). With regard to objectives in internationalisation of Lenovo in Chapter.3, the country analysis in Chapter.5 and review of market entry mode conditions, joint venture can be identified to be the most suitable entry mode of Lenovo in Japan. On 27th January 2011, Lenovo, (the fastest growing top-five global PC maker, who is a manufacturing and technology expertise), has announced $175million in joint venture with NEC (new company formation structure is illustrated in Appendix.1). NEC is number 1 Japan PC market share, who has superior brand name in Japan with strong market position. Evidences: benefits of the joint venture entry mode regard to objectives of international business expansion is illustrated below: (1)  Ã‚   Sales expansion NEC is the strongest PC brand in Japan. Lenovo could benefit from extensive distribution channels in order to expand customer based (Lenovo, 2011). Lenovo could focus on twenty two thousand local subsidiaries of NEC around the world to expand its overseas sales as it’s showed in figure 6.4 (NEC, 2011). NEC Lenovo Japan Group become number one PC Company in Japan with approximately 25% market share as it’s showed in figure 6.2 (Lenovo, 2011). NEC Lenovo Japan Group in worldwide position at the third quarter of 2009 and 2010 is compared in table 6.3. The company increased 1.9% of its market share, from 9.3% to 11.2% after the integration (Lenovo, 2011). Figure 6.2:   Market share of PC in Japan on 2010 Source: Lenovo (2011) Table 6.3:   Market share of PC in worldwide on 2010 PC Manufacturer 3rd Quarter 2009 3rd Quarter 2010 +/- HP 19.6% 17..8% -1.7% Acer 13.5% 13.1% -0.3% DELL 12.6% 12.6% 0.0% NEC Lenovo 9.3% 11.2% +1.9% Source: IDC Japan, Japan Personal Computing Quarterly Model Analysis Q3 2010 (Cited in NEC, 2011) Figure 6.4:   NEC’s sale network Source : NEC (2011) (2)  Ã‚   Resource acquisition: It is known that PC companies have razor-thin margins which could be improved by economies of scale and cost savings. Profit margin of Lenovo is about 1.8 percent in the last reporting quarter, meanwhile their competitor, Acer, generate its profit margin at 2.9 percent. (Soh, 2011) Joint venture with NEC will perform resource acquisition and formulate economies of scale. Refers to figure 6.4, Lenovo not only has determined to improve its supply chain, RD and sales marketing by increasing scale, but also plan of decreasing in service, product and information system cost (Lenovo, 2011) NEC also agreed that PC product strength through the joint development. Leveraging the scale of both company will enhance PC price competitiveness (NEC, 2011). Vincent Chen, an analyst with Yuanta Securities in Taipei also claimed that ‘most of NEC’s PC production is out sourced’. This means that NEC have a good relationship with suppliers, cause, Lenovo would gain more bargaining po wer with the contract manufacturers. (Soh, 2011) Figure 6.4: Benefits of joint venture in terms of resource acquisition. Source: Lenovo (2011) (3)   Risk minimization: At industry level in current period, there is a global expansion of commercial PCs manufacturers (NEC,2011) However, PC sales dropped due to increasing of global popularity of tablet PCs such as Apple’s iPad (Soh, 2011). Also, touchscreen tablets from Research in Motion(Blackberry maker) and Dell, will be launch soon in this year. This will cause a PC market size reduction. (Soh, 2011) Similarly, Acer(Taiwan-Based) and Asustek hit PC market with low-cost netbook PC and plan to produce touchscreen tablet(Soh, 2011). This could reflex that, PCusers’ need are varies and unstable. PC makers need to develop new innovative products continuously to maintain its position in order not to drop out of the market. At country level, there was a research of Gartner that many multinational companies, such as HP, was struggled to break in to Japan. They could not compete with a local company, such as Toshiba (Soh, 2011). Distribution channel This joint venture could help Lenovo to break in to Japan with lower risk than wholly own subsidiary or exporting entry mode. There are many successful joint ventures in Japan. Japan’s regulation attracted investor to invest in the country for example reducing trade barrier, such as lowest import tax. In contrast Meschi (2004) claims that failure rate of the joint venture is high. However, the successful of the cooperation depends on following agreement of the partners and the ability of partners to perform their values. 6. Challenges and Strategies Differentiation Strategy If there is no financial crisis in 2008, apparently NEC would not face such as loss in 2009 and 2010. Lenovo’s huge opportunity appears from its product diversifications, so after the joint venture NEC could give strong support to Lenovo on its new product innovations, in order to prevent customer impression of low cost Chinese production, and making their products with more added values to attract more customers. Because the natural of personal PC industry relies on new cutting edge design, highly practicable functions and digitalized lifestyle integrations. Compare to other traditional industries, this trend would lead to Lenovo apply the differentiation strategy, but before ensuring the validity of this strategy, it is very necessary to look at what is the actual strength of NEC. Coordination According the announcement given by Lenovo and NEC, they are willing to share key research centers in Japan, so, if NEC give more emphasis on personal PC division, both engineers could work together in the new joint venture company, in order to increase the speed of new product development process, especially for Lenovo, except their mainstream product ThinkPad, other product series also could get effective technical support, and boost sales. Furthermore, it is expected that both of Lenovo and NEC’s brand and products could be more competitive in the marketplace, such as good research, development and innovation. As a result, Lenovo is very likely to adapt a differentiation strategy that brings the new product design back to China or other overseas market: by using the manufacturing bases in developing countries, and then integrates them with advanced technology, and Lenovo’s future shows a clear path than ever before. 7. Conclusion and Recommendation In summary, Lenovo is one of most outstanding Chinese enterprises who have adopted mergers and acquisitions or strategic alliance with foreign companies to achieve the dream of being multinational corporations. Lenovo has a dominant market share in China and prominent advantage on market share in Asia- Pacific, unfortunately not in Japan. An attractive strategy to internationally expand the firm to Japanese PC market is joint venture. Even Japan has ‘home bias system’, lack of financial support for JV. It is obviously a high technology development country. Lenovo could gain sale expansion, resource acquisition, especially complementary knowledge from this market entry. It is enhancing Lenovo’s mission to be the global innovation leadership, refer to their mission statement. Stepping forward into Japan is a challenging move for Lenovo. However, it is not a finish line of its internationalisation. The company needs to decide the next move strategically and appropriate entry mode. Moreover, how the company operates successfully in different market and different cultures is more important. Adjusting to a new market should be less ethnocentric. Although, joint venture is an appropriate entry mode to Japan, market research is still essential. Sustainable growth is an approach to dominate global PC market. Appendix 1: PC Business Alliance Scheme Source : NEC Japan web site (2011) Reference Datamonitor (2010) Japan–In-depth PESTLE Insights. Country Analysis Report. [Online] Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=b17c0647-420c-40ae-a954-24184c2a33ae%40sessionmgr112vid=16hid=107 [Accessed 8th March 2011]. Global MA Research Center, (2006), China Mergers and Acquisitions Yearbook, 2006 annual report, Beijing, Posts Telecom Press Griffin, R.W. (2008), Management 9 ed. Texas, Houghton Mifflin Company Jian Mei, Liu. (2008), Lenovo Groups strategic evaluation: Based on the analysis of the Balanced Scorecard. [Online]. Available from: http://jingpin.szu.edu.cn/strategy/strategy2009/upfiles/edit/200906/20090622160000.doc [Accessed 28th March 211] Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. (7th ed). Essex: Prentice Hall. John Quelch, (2006), Lenovo: Building a Global Brand. Harvard business school. [Online]. Available from: www.ecch.com. [Accessed 28th March 211] Lenovo Group, Ltd. (2008). SWOT Analysis, p4, 1p. Available at: lenovo.com/social_responsibility/us/en/sustainability/Lenovo_2006.2007_Sustainability_Report.pdf. (Accessed: 25th March, 2011) Lenovo Group, Ltd.(2010). SWOT Analysis, p1-9, 9p, 2 Charts Lenovo, (2005), Introduction of Organization. Available at: lenovo.com.cn/about/lenovo/company1959.shtml (Accessed: 24th March, 2011) Meschi, P. -X. (2004) Valuation Effect of International Joint Ventures: Does Experience Matter? International Business Review, 13 (5), 595-612. Meyer. K. E., Estrin. S., Bhaumik. S. K, Peng. M. W (2009), Institutions, Resources, and Entry Strategies in Emerging Economics, Strategies Management Journal, 30, 61-80. NEC. (2011) NEC.co.jp [Online] Available from: nec.co.jp/press/en/1101/images/2702-01-01.pdf [Accessed 8th March 2011]. Osland, G. E., Taylor, C. R. Ming, Z. S. (2001) Selecting International Modes of Entry and Expansion. Marketing intelligence and planning, 19 (3), 153 161. Richard ,L. (2003). Daft Management [M]. Machinery Industry Press.p23 Rugman, A.M. and Collinson, S. (2009). International Business. (5th ed). London: Prentice Hall. Robert Dujarric , Andrei Hagiu (2009) Capitalizing On Innovation: The Case of Japan. (Online) Available from: hbs.edu/research/pdf/09-114.pdf [Accessed date: 18th March, 2011] Soh, K., (2011) Reuters. Lenovo, NEC in PC Joint Venture in Japan . [Online] Available from: channelinsider.com [Accessed 8th March 2011] Stephen ,P , Robbins. (1997). Management [M] China Peoples University Press, p64. The Marketing Surveillance Center of China, (2008), principal economic policies. Available at: chinammn.com.cn/zh/2/2008-11-19/47987.htm (Accessed: 25th March) Wong, W.M., (2011) Lenovo.com. [Online] Available from: http://news.lenovo.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1413 [Accessed 8th March 2011]. Yasushi Uchida (2006) Japanese Makers Struggle for Foothold in Emerging Markets Available from: http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20061026/122746/ [Accessed date: 18th March, 2011] Yiu, D. Makino, S. (2002), The Choice between Joint Venture and Wholly Owned Subsidiary: An Institutional Perspective, Organization Science, 13 (6), 667-683 Yu Qing, (2011) the new pattern of Personal PC industry: NEC and Lenovo’s joint venture. Available from: http://tech.qq.com/a/20110124/000295.htm [Accessed date: 18th March, 2011 Zhao Xibin.(2004) ‘Several basic theoretical issues on enterprise environment’ [J]. Journal of Wuhan University: Philosophy and Social Sciences, 57 (1):12-17. CnBeta.com, (2011) Lenovo and NEC’s new joint venture market share (Online) Available from: cnbeta.com/articles/133482.htm [Accessed date: 18th March, 2011] Zhu, Y. (2010) International Business Management. Lecture Slides: MGT 4139, London, Middlesex University.

Legendary Detective Thomas Byrnes

Legendary Detective Thomas Byrnes Thomas Byrnes became one of the most famous crime fighters of the late 19th century by supervising the newly created detective division of the New York Police Department. Known for his relentless drive to innovate, Byrnes was widely credited for pioneering the use of modern police tools such as mugshots. Byrnes was also known to get very rough with criminals, and openly boasted of having invented a harsh interrogation technique he called the third degree. And though Byrnes was widely lauded at the time, some of his practices would be unacceptable in the modern era. After attaining widespread celebrity for his war on criminals, and becoming chief of the entire New York Police Department,  Byrnes came under suspicion during  corruption scandals of the 1890s. A famous reformer  brought in to clean up the department, future president Theodore Roosevelt, forced Byrnes to resign. It was never proven that Byrnes had been corrupt. But it was evident  that his friendships with some of the wealthiest New Yorkers helped him amass a large fortune while receiving a modest public salary. Despite ethical questions, there is no question Byrnes had an impact on the city. He was involved with solving major crimes for decades, and his police career aligned with historic events from the New York Draft Riots to well-publicized crimes of the Gilded Age. Early Life of Thomas Byrnes Byrnes was born in Ireland in 1842 and came to America with his family as an infant. Growing up in New York City, he received a very basic education, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was working at a manual trade. He volunteered in the spring of 1861  to serve in a unit of Zouaves organized by Col. Elmer Ellsworth, who would become famous as the first great Union hero of the war. Byrnes served in the war for two years, and returned home to New York and joined the police force. As a rookie patrolman, Byrnes showed considerable bravery during the New York Draft Riots in July 1863. He reportedly saved the life of a superior officer, and recognition of his bravery  helped him rise in the ranks. Police Hero In 1870  Byrnes became  a captain of the police force and in that capacity he began  investigating noteworthy crimes. When the flamboyant Wall Street manipulator Jim Fisk was shot in January 1872, it was Byrnes who questioned both victim and assassin. The fatal shooting of Fisk was a front-page story in the New York Times on January 7, 1872, and Byrnes received prominent mention. Byrnes had gone to the hotel where Fisk lay wounded, and took a statement from him before he died. The Fisk case brought Byrnes into contact with an associate of Fisk, Jay Gould, who would become one of the richest men in America. Gould realized the value of having a good friend on the police force and he began feeding stock tips and other financial advice to Byrnes. The robbery of the Manhattan Savings Bank in 1878 attracted enormous interest, and Byrnes received nationwide attention when he solved the case. He developed a reputation for possessing great detective skill, and was placed in charge of the detective bureau of the New York Police Department. The Third Degree Byrnes became widely known as Inspector Byrnes, and was viewed as a legendary crime fighter. The writer Julian Hawthorne, the son of Nathaniel Hawthorne, published a series of novels billed as being From the Diary of Inspector Byrnes. In the public mind, the glamorized version of Byrnes took precedence over whatever the reality might be. While Byrnes did indeed solve many crimes, his techniques would certainly be considered highly questionable today. He regaled the public with tales of how he coerced criminals into confessing after he outwitted them. Yet theres little doubt that confessions were also extracted with beatings. Byrnes proudly took credit for an intense form of interrogation he termed the third degree. According to his account, he would confront the suspect with the details of his crime, and thereby trigger a mental breakdown and confession. In 1886 Byrnes published a book entitled Professional Criminals of America. In its pages, Byrnes detailed the careers of notable thieves and provided detailed descriptions of notorious crimes. While the book was ostensibly published to help fight crime, it also did much to bolster the reputation of Byrnes as Americas top cop. Downfall By the 1890s Byrnes was famous and considered a national hero. When the financier Russell Sage was attacked in a bizarre bombing in 1891, it was Byrnes who solved the case (after first taking the bombers severed head to be identified by the recuperating Sage). Press coverage of Byrnes was typically very positive, but trouble lay ahead. In 1894 the Lexow Commission, a New York State government committee, began investigating corruption in the New York Police Department. Byrnes, who had amassed a personal fortune of $350,000 while earning a police salary of $5,000 a year, was questioned aggressively about his wealth. He explained that friends on Wall Street, including Jay Gould, had been giving him stock tips for years. No evidence was ever made public proving Byrnes had broken the law, but his career came to an abrupt end in the spring of 1895. The new head of the board which oversaw the New York Police Department, future president Theodore Roosevelt, pushed Byrnes out of his job. Roosevelt personally disliked Byrnes, whom  he considered a braggart. Brynes opened a private detective agency which gained clients from Wall Street firms. He died of cancer on May 7, 1910. Obituaries in the New York City newspapers generally looked back nostalgically on his glory years of the 1870s and 1880s, when he dominated the police department and was widely admired as Inspector Byrnes.